Transmission electron microscopy

how it is able to bond with other molecules and how effective these bonds are. The structure of the molecule itself is held together by the intramolecular forces, which are the internal forces of a molecule, such as the attraction and repulsion of electrons to the protons in the nucleus. The external forces on a molecule, which are called the intermolecular forces, such as electronegativity, help to determine the boiling and melting points of each element. Each of these intermolecular forces…

INTRODUCTION • Energy is a scalar quantity. • It was first hypothesized by Newton to express kinetic and potential energies. • We cannot observe energy directly, but we can measure it using indirect methods and analyze its value. • Energy may be in different forms, such as potential, kinetic, magnetic or electrical. Potential energy of a system is by virtue of its location with respect to gravitational field. If an object has a mass m, located at elevation h, and acceleration due to gravity is g…

wires that allows the flow of electrons. The circuit has to be made in a circular form, as the electrons must frequently move in a full loop, in which they will return to their original position and then complete the loop again. (“What is an electric circuit?”) The battery or another source of power provides the voltage, or ‘electrical push’, that makes the electrons move through the circuit. When the electrons reach a device such as a light bulb or a TV, the electrons provide these devices with…

Lithium ion(Lithium ) battery? What are the challenges that are still left in the field? 1) The anode is the negative electrode of a galvanic cell and is related to the oxidation or the discharge of electrons into the external circuit in the main into the solution. • The anode attracts electrons or anions from the cathode or the electrolyte. • The associate anode may be a supply of charge or work as an negatron acceptor. 2) The…

J.J Thomson was born in Cheetham Hill, a suburban area in Manchester, England on December 18, 1856. Thomson was a Nobel Prize winning physicist with his research that helped discover the electrons of an atom. J.J Thomson full name was Joseph John Thomson, He was an English physicist and mathematician. Joseph Thomson was considered to be a prodigy at his time, becoming the first to be 14 and attending college. Joseph Thomson’s father was a book seller who intended Thomson to become an engineer.…

1. What is the forbidden gap in semiconductors? One electron volt (eV) 2. At absolute zero temperature, semiconductor behaves as Insulator 3. Define electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity is the ability to conduct an electric current. 4. What are the two types of charge carriers in semiconductors? Electrons and holes are the two types of charge carriers in semiconductor. 5. Define charge carrier. Charge carrier is a particle, which carries electric charge or electric current from one…

electricity because it contains free electrons. Copper has one free electron per atom. The free electron concentration in copper is 8.5 x 1028 per m3. The electrons start flowing as soon as the switch is closed. But the electrons themselves travel much more slowly. So how does the current come on everywhere as soon as the switch is closed? It is because the free electrons are already spread throughout the wire. As soon as the switch is closed, there is a force on all electrons (i.e. electric…

melting point of -100.98 degrees Celsius and a boing point of -34.6 degrees Celsius. However, at room temperature it is a gas. Chlorine contains 17 protons and 17 electrons and also contains 18 neutrons. The density of the chemical element Chlorine is 3.214 c/cm3. Like every member of the halogen group, chlorine has a tendency to gain one electron and become a chloride ion. Chlorine…

form an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons are the smallest of the three particles that make up atoms. Electrons are found in shells or orbitals that surround the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. They group together in the center of the atom. Protons has mass (g) of1.673 x 10-24, Mass (amu) is 1 and location is nucleus, Neutrons has mass (g) of 1.675 x 10-24, mass (amu) is 1 and location is nucleus, and electrons has mass (g) of 9.109 x 10-28,…

1 on the periodic table. Hydrogen has an atomic mass of 1 and an atomic number of 1. Hydrogen has 1 VALENCE electron and 1 neutron. It has 1 ring, because it’s in period 1. Hydrogens state of matter is gas. Lithium is a Alkali Earth Metal on the Periodic Table. Lithium's state or matter is solid. Lithium has a atomic number of 3 and an atomic mass of 7 when rounded. It has 1 valence electron around its nucleus and 4 neutrons in the nucleus. Lithium has 2 rings because of its period. Beryllium is…