Transmission electron microscopy

that statement in itself may not seem impressive, the atomic number of fluorine officially describes the nine units of positive charge, called protons, that correspond with nine units of negatively charged electrons. The electrons alone allow fluorine its embellishment, but the protons and electrons together provide stability for fluorine through the creation of neutral atoms. Because fluorine typically exists as a diatomic molecule (or a grouping of only two atoms that form a gaseous…

In 1964 a physicist by the name of Peter Higgs took some ideas that were floating around at the time, added an insight or two of his own, and proposed that there was an energy field that permeated the entire universe. This energy field is now called the Higgs filed. The reason he proposed this field was that nobody understood why some subatomic particles had a great deal of mass, while others had little and some had none at all. The energy filed that Higgs proposed would interact with the…

First ionisation energy- The first ionisation energy is the energy to remove electrons that are unstable from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to gain 1 mole of gaseous ions with a positively charge (1+) As you go down a group, the energy decreases from the top to the bottom due to the shielding effect. When there are a lot of electrons shielding the outer electron shell from the nucleus, energy is less needed to expel an electron from an atom. Fluorine has the most ionization energy and Caesium with the…

The history of piezoelectricity evolution is over 120 years which was discovered by brothers Curie in 1880. They were Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Jacques Curie (1855-1941). During the study of the generation surface electrical charge by applying pressure on some material, they found out an unusual phenomenon which was a voltage of opposite polarity was generated by pressure was applied on the crystalline minerals such as quartz. The amplitude of the generated voltage was proportional to the…

Written exercise Paragraph 1 Iron phosphate, FePO4, has a very similar structure as quartz. Quartz has a trigonal lattice structure with space group P3121 (group no. 152). Similarly, at temperature below 980K, iron phosphate exists as α-FePO4, which also exhibits trigonal lattice structure with space group P3121 in which iron, phosphate and oxygen occupy Wyckoff position 3a, 3b and 6c respectively. In quartz, every silicon atom is connected to four oxygen atoms to form a network of…

Non – reciprocal device states that, the devices which are having the properties that the forward characteristics are not equal to the reverse characteristics (i.e. S12 ≠ S21). So, same antenna can be used for Transmission and Reception of Electromagnetic Waves. Antenna is a passive device, it does not amplify the signals, and it only directs the signal energy in a particular direction in reference with isotropic antenna. Antenna Beam width is the angular width measured…

Radioisotopes are atoms that consist of unstable combination of neutrons and protons. All elements which have their atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioisotopes and have unstable, radioactive nuclei. They have at least one stable isotope and one unstable isotope. In order to gain stable conformation the nucleus of the atoms loses a neutron due to which radiation energy is given off and the atom is said to be in radioactive state. They are also called as radionuclides because they have more…

ions, thus causing an increase in the non-radiated transition of the ligand excited state and also causing a decrease in the fluorescence emission. However, fluorescence increased upon complex formation with metal ions which have lower d-orbital electron numbers. The emission of the ligand discussed in this experiment was dependent on the presence of a metal ion and the ligand photoluminescence in DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) was dependent on the d-block metals that are effective in the named…

Results and dissection 3.1 Transition metal complexes of the macrocyclic, H6L Ligand 3.1.1 The macrocyclic, H6L Ligand The physical and analytical data of the macrocyclic, H6L ligand and its transition metal complexes were shown in Table 1. From the investigation, the expected structure of H6L with its possible toutomeric forms can be represented as shown in Figure 1. H6L ligand is highly symmetric under the point group C2v symmetry and can show all the normal modes of vibrations by solving…

Preparation of polyallyl polyether of allyl sucrose Abstract: Allyl sucrose is prepared by using sucrose, allyl chloride, NaOH and DMSO. This novel method is less time consuming and required less solvent than other methods. The product is characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT – IR), 1H-NMR and MASS Spectrometer. Key words: allyl sucrose, allyl chloride, sucrose Introduction: Allyl sucrose is used for…