Transmission Control Protocol

Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC (2005) The Agreement and its Goals: The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which aimed to mitigate anthropogenic effects of greenhouse gases on the environment by introducing a set of binding emission reduction targets for individual countries. Considering the threatening scale of the problem and the wide geographical distribution of GHG emissions, the Protocol required…

international treaty adopted unanimously by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was named after a Japanese City, it was called the Kyoto Protocol. It took only one year for members of the UNFCCC to decide that there needed to be stricter demands for reducing gas emissions (UNFCCC, 2014). This Protocol was designed to reduce the emissions of gases that contribute to global warming. Given that, there were 41 countries plus the European Union who agreed to…

Protect Yourself from Social Networking Nicola Formichetti once said, “ The dark side of social media is that, Within seconds, anything can be blown out of proportion and taken out of context. And it’s Very difficult not get swept up in it all”. In Social media thing get swept out of proportion so we need to protect ourself from this from happening. In the article “ The Dangers of Social Networking” by Robin Olsen Suggest ways on how to protect yourself from social networking. Robin Olsen is…

Though the use of chemical weapons was ostensibly banned in the international community by the Geneva Protocol in 1925, the research and development of biological and chemical weapons was permissible until the Protocols were amended in 1975. However, a lack of enforceability by any international governing body allowed a nation like South Africa to secretly create its own such program, one that operated unchecked and actively employed its toxins and agents throughout the 1980s. With apartheid as…

Climate Change is a worldwide phenomenon, that affects the regular conditions of the environment. Historically, there have been several conventions, as the Kyoto Protocol, in order to address this problem. However, only until the Paris Agreement, countries have committed to take actions to mitigate this issue. In fact, Canada did not demonstrate any interest in the subject, but rather the provinces took the initiative and started to use regulations to reduce CO2 emissions. By 2015, Canada has…

The extent and causes of global warming have become an issue of argumentative political debate in major countries, for instants, China, the United State, India, and Russia who produced most of greenhouse gases (Brander, 2014). The temperature on earth has increase dramatically that caused by greenhouse gas or CO2 emission (Carbon dioxide emission is the greenhouse gas produced by human activities) is a negative externality problem that affects the world. Not only it damaged the atmosphere and…

Evaluating the Feasibility: Should Cities Have City-Wide Wi-Fi Many cities around the world have considered implementing a form of public city-wide free Wi-Fi, whether it is in the better interest of the city is another topic. Implementing a city-wide Wi-Fi network is a logistics nightmare, the amount of planning and men required to do such a task is impressive. If done properly, this task is an impressive feat. Some cities have managed to accomplish it, and along with the wonder and awe of…

A traditional traffic model for circuit switched data as well as packet data is the Poisson process in which the number of incoming packets per time is according to Poisson distribution. It is one of the most widely used and oldest traffic models. In this model the length of each packet is based on exponential distribution and the number of simultaneously ongoing packets is according to Erlang distribution [16]. The Poisson process is characterized as a renewal process. In a Poisson process the…

videoconferencing systems need a lot more bandwidth than the applications that were used in the early years of the Internet, this means that without any bandwidth control, the quality of these real-time streams depends on the bandwidth that is just available. Low bandwidth or better unstable bandwidth causes bad quality in real-time transmissions, for instance dropouts and hangs [9]. The quality of a service (QoS) is a vague term and can encompass a number of attributes. To some people a good…

In the paper, [1], the author introduced two kinds of topology attacks focus on the architecture of SDN and emphasized the weakness of the host tracking service and the link discovery service. And then, the paper provides the security extension, called Topoguard, for the Floodlight v0.9 controller. A. Two topology attacks The first attack as we mentioned, Host Location Hijacking Attack, is to send a fake request that the target host migrates to a new location trying to intercept packets and…