Toluene

The development of simple methods for generating molecular complexity with defined stereochemistry from easily accessible starting materials became significant and fascinating over last few decades. A simple methoxyphenol is found to be most appropriate precursor for generating wide range of complex cyclic and acyclic architectures. Several chemical1-5 and electrochemical methods6 have been used for the umpolung of electron-rich nucleophilic 2-methoxyphenols and 4-methoxyphenols to electrophilic…

with hydrochloric acid. Acidification of the solution shifts the equilibrium to the left and precipitates the insoluble carboxylic acid. Synthesis of benzoic acid Benzoic acid is produced extensively and on a large scale by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen at moderate temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Most industrial processes uses catalysis - one of the principles of green chemistry . The process uses cheap raw materials and delivers a high…

The core of ethics is doing the right thing, especially under challenging conditions while learning from several sources and not harming people and treating them well in the decision making process. Teleology Ethical Philosophy Also known as consequentialism, teleology extends the rightness or wrongness of actions and is based solely on the goodness or badness of their consequences (Regis-University Ruekert-Hartman). The main consequentialism theories are egoism and utilitarianism. Adam Smith…

Introduction Graphene is considered as pure carbon in the form of a very thin, one atom thick nearly transparent sheet. It is very strong for its low weight (100 times more stronger than steel and it conducts heat and electricity efficiently. While scientists had theorized about graphene for decades, it was first produced in the lab in 2003. Because it is virtually two-dimensional, it interacts oddly with light and with other materials. Researchers have identified the, ballistic transport of…

at a 90-degree geometry using a filter to reject Rayleigh scattering. A laser equipped with another filter provided a wavelength at 405 nm onto the samples with a power of 4 mW for 20-40 min for each spectrum. The Raman shifts were calibrated with toluene and analyzed using Origin software. At pH 7.5, the HRP/nitrite spectrum revealed there was no significant effect of nitrite on position and intensity of the bands. However, inspection of the trace differences in revealed existence of a nitrogen…

The solvents we used were water, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M HCl, acetone, and toluene. We began by adding a small amount of the compound to five test tubes, and added 2mL of each of the solvents into the test tubes, stirred, observed and recorded the reactions that took place. We then executed a quantitative solubility test to calculate…

Because of their low cost and flexibility, vehicles overwhelmingly dominate the markets for passenger and freight transport throughout the developing world. Today’s on-road vehicles produce over a third of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide in our atmosphere; and over twenty percent of the global warming pollution. Carbon emissions from the burning of gasoline to power cars, trucks, and other methods of transportation is one of the biggest cause of global warming. Pollution created by cars…

crystal-like substance. Their main goal of this week was to determine the identity of this unknown compound. The first step conducted to achieve this goal was the qualitative solubility test to see if the compound would dissolve in water, acetone, and toluene.…

public indoor environments, including homes, offices, schools, hospitals and transport systems. IAQ is affected by toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide [CO] and nitrogen oxides [NOx]), volatile organic compounds (VOCs, such as formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, styrene), pesticides, lead, flame retardants, respirable particles and dust, smoking (secondhand and third-hand), various biological pollutants (such as mold and bacteria), and physical contaminants (radiation, electromagnetic radiation, and…

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that is represented with the formula C6H6. It was discovered in 1825 by a British scientist, Michael Faraday, who extracted it from crude oil by applying pressure, and named it “Bicarburet of hydrogen”. However, its chemical synthesis did not start until in 1843, Charles Mansfield, discovered a method to extract benzene from coal tar. Since its industrialization, benzene is produced and used in many industrial processes. Today, plastics, resins, dyes…