Toluene

Cyclohexane was the more volatile liquid collected in fraction A. It is a more volatile compound compared to Toluene due to its structure, which compared to Toluene does not contain any double bonds nor does it have any dipole moments. Thus with a lower molecular weight and little to no intermolecular forces will boil at a lower temperature than Toluene. Toluene processes double bonds that result in a dipole moment at the methyl group increasing intermolecular forces and thus required…

Introduction: In this laboratory, free-radical halogenation was used in order to brominate compounds such as toluene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene and t-butylbenzene (structures as seen below). Free-radical halogenation consists of a halogen, connected through sigma bonding, breaking and interacting with the side chain of the aromatic compound. The three steps in the process of halogenation take place in the presence of light and are labeled as initiation, propagation and termination.…

b) A mixture of 50 mol % benzene and 50 mol % toluene is distilled under exactly the same conditions as in Part a. Using Figure 4.3, determine the distillation temperature and the percentage composition of the first few drops of distillate. The distillation temperature is 93 °C. The percentage composition…

TEE JIN FENG 15SPE072X 27012016 EXPERIMENT 7: Cannizzaro reaction and reaction of benzaldehyde with ethylene glycol Introduction: From the first experiment, the reaction of benzaldehyde and potassium hydroxide will produce two products which are benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. We are going to look at how to get this two products separated by using their different chemical properties. For the second experiment, benzaldehyde ethylene acetal is formed when the reaction done under acidic…

an unsaturated hydrocarbon, it undergoes incomplete combustion (Clark, 2003) which showed the great intensity of light compared to hexane due to the higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen in cyclohexene. Black smoke that released during combustion of toluene indicated its aromatic identity.…

monomer. Styrene can be found in coffee beans, strawberries, and peanuts1. Polystyrene can be found in coat hangers, egg cartons, and plastic cutlery1. In order to synthesis polystyrene, styrene is reacted with benzoyl peroxide and toluene with a reflux apparatus. Toluene is a good solvent to use in this experiment because it is non-polar like styrene and keeps the polymer chain growing. The purpose of this experiment is to make polystyrene by polymerizing styrene by using…

Experiment 1 sought to separate a binary solution into two fractions and determine the identity of the components. This is accomplished through distillation which is the separation of a mixture of compounds. There are two types of distillation; simple and fractional. Simple distillation is used when separating liquids and solids or between liquids with boiling points that differ by more than 40-50°C. On the other hand, fractional distillation separates two volatile liquids in order to achieve…

Our initial investigation of the asymmetric Mannich reaction of indole 2a with phenyl α-amidosulfone 3a is summarized in Table 1. The effect of catalyst structure on the reaction outcome was first investigated at 10 mol% catalyst loading in toluene (Table 1, Entries 1–5). As we expected, based on our knowledge of the catalytic performance of chiral oligoEG 1,[7] the ether chain length (Entries 1–3) as well as suitable acidity of the phenolic protons (Entry 2 vs. Entries 4 and 5) are critical for…

This can be blamed on the exposure to toluene. Toluene is an organic hydrocarbon commonly found in household cleaning products. This chemical is a commonly abused inhalant. Studies concluded that mothers that abused this chemical as an inhalant had issues in their pregnancies. Instances such as spontaneous abortion, premature birth, and retarded growth have been documented. Research was done using rats with exposure to toluene to investigate the validity of birth defects. Three groups…

The transport of 90Sr , 137Cs and 60Co through disc ceramic -supported liquid membrane impregnated in P5 diluted in toluene was examined. The study of The mass transfer rate, expressed as permeability (P), focused on diffusion through the aqueous layer in the feed solution, the organic layer and the aqueous layer in the stripping solution. The aqueous feed solution speed…