Toluene

For every atomic nucleus, its total angular momentum is represented by the symbol I and called its nuclear spin. This spin is then determined by its quantum number, which is represented by the symbol S. Each nuclear spin is associated with a magnetic moment. When this moment is placed in an external magnetic field, these spin states differ in magnetic potential energy. If placed in a static magnetic field with a small amount of spin polarisation however, certain radio frequency signals can allow…

Figure 3. Possible reaction mechanism for the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Based on the findings from all of the used techniques, the species formed in the beginning are ammonium ion, oxygen and chlorine species. The decomposition products of ammonium ion were hydroxylamine, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide. The perchlorate ion loses one of the oxygen atoms and forms chlorate ion. The ammonia is lost in reaction through formation of hydroxylamine, which is formed in reaction between…

for over 80 years. Throughout this duration of time, at least 700 000 tonnes of toxic by-products were produced due to smelting and steel production processes. Some of the by-products produced were total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, xylene (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The toxic by-products were dumped into a tidal estuary that empties into the Sydney Harbour which ultimately lead to the toxins being released into the…

In September of 1985 Kroto, Heath, O’Brien, Curl, and Smalley were investigating sources of the long carbon chain molecules in the interstellar medium and how they might be related to soot formation.1 Smalley developed a laser vaporization cluster beam apparatus that allowed for the mass-spectrometric study of stable clusters formed in a helium-entrained plasma produced by a pulse of laser aimed on at a solid target.2 This experimental technique was a very important discovery to cluster science…

Tobacco There are 1,300 deaths from smoking and exposure to secondhand smoking everyday in the United States. Cigarettes are made of a leafy plant called tobacco, which is grown around the world. It is sold in grocery stores, supermarkets, vending machines, liquor stores, and so many other places that it is so easy for people to access it. Making it even more dangerous than it already is, with causing diseases, conditions, and even death because it is so addictive. Tobacco should be illegal…

evaporated water also knows as VOC (volatile organic compounds) are released into the atmosphere that can have serious side effects. The VOC can create contaminated air, acid rain and ground level ozone. Many of the chemicals released are benzene, toluene, xylene and ethyl benzene, particulate matter and dust, ground level ozone, or smog, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and metals. One of the major VOC is known as methane and is known to cause climate change. Methane is leaked out…

On Tuesday, February 11, 2014, workers at a fracking well were about to begin a safety meeting at a fracking well site. The three wells on the site were drilled and ready to produce fresh natural gas. The wells were owned and operated by Chevron Appalachia, in Dunkard Township, Pennsylvania, of southwest of Pittsburgh. One of the wells was making a hissing noise. The hissing noise was methane escaping from a damaged well. The well exploded while one of the workers, Ian McKee, was investigating…

How many deaths are attributed to alcohol and tobacco a year? How many deaths are attributed to marijuana ? Alcohol approximately has about 88,000 deaths a year and tobacco has approximately 41,000 people per year, while marijuana had a total of zero deaths. Marijuana is judged to be a bad drug. Marijuana is made from flowers and leaves of a plant called Cannabis Sativa, which is another name for marijuana. The main ingredient in marijuana is THC- tetrahydrocannabinol. Marijuana goes all the way…

Climate change and pollution are serious global issues. Recently, cities such as New Delhi and Beijing have been plagued by unprecedented levels of smog, leading to riots and unrest. Greenhouse gases have greatly increased the temperature of our atmosphere and are upsetting the Earth’s fragile balance as an ecosystem. Consequently, in 2016, the arctic ice sheet was the smallest ever recorded, but most worryingly, according to NASA, the past 13 years have had the 13 smallest ice sheets on record…

on the effects of crude oil on the body. Some of the symptoms of oil exposure include “Dizziness, euphoria, nausea, blurry vision and headaches”. The same study listed some toxic chemicals that cause these symptoms, “‘…such compounds as benzene, toluene, and xylenes, which are also found in gasoline,’” (O'Hanlon, 2010) Longer term symptoms of exposure to oil and its byproducts include adult leukemia and other cancers. Sound familiar? Crude oil also has neurotoxins, or toxins that effect the…