Titration

Pectin yield was determined as weight of dry pectin against the weight of initial residues multiplied by 100%. Y=100(P/Bi) Where Y is the extracted pectin yield (%), P is the amount of extracted pectin in grams and Bi is the initial amount of sweet potato residues used to extract pectin. Equivalent weight and Degree of methoxylation The equivalent weight was determined according to the method by Barretina et al., (Barretina et al. 2012). 0.25g pectin was wetted with 5ml ethanol and topped…

pH arc being 4,4...6,2. If the pH value is bigger than the arc then the indicators will give a yellow colour to the solution, if smaller then a red colour. Total hardness is the sum of amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and is determined via complex-titration. Here is the stoichiometric point found by using different complex ions with different colours. The solution is titrated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt or in other words with trilone-B solution which can be simply notated as…

Collect the sample to be tested in a 300 mL BOD bottle taking special care to avoid adding air to the liquid being collected. Fill bottle completely and add stopper. 2. Remove bottle stopper and add 1 mL of the manganous sulfate solution at the surface of the liquid. 3. Add 1 mL of the alkaline-potassium iodide-sodium azide solution at the surface of the liquid. 4. Replace the stopper, avoid trapping air bubbles and shake well by inverting the bottle several times. Repeat shaking…

The two main purposes of the lab were to determine the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar and to determine the molar concentration of a strong acid. In both parts of the experiment a volumetric analysis was used. This is primarily the aid of volumetric glassware in order to determine specific measurements and calculations. Potassium hydrogen phthalate was used as the primary acid standard to determine the molar concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in part one of the experiment.…

and 0.05%of uncertainty, whereas the ASDA vinegar I titrated was 0.20% uncertainty; this was the highest percentage of uncertainty which shows that this vinegar is the most unreliable in order to compare to the results of the market stall vinegar titration. Conclusion: In conclusion trading standards believe that the market stall suspect vinegar has been watered down. The concentrations present this as the standard vinegars show a similar concentration; Sarsons has the molarity of 0.88 mol…

Analysis of aspirin tablets Purpose: Determine the percentage of 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid in aspirin tablets. Introduction (including background information) : Before creating Aspirin, “sail alba” was used. In 1860’s, chemists discovered that Salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid, C7H6O3 ) is the active acid in sail alba. Salicylic acid is relatively strong though. It can irritate and damage the stomach membranes and mouth. In 1889, ethanoate ester of salicylic acid was introduced by the…

CHAPTER THREE MATERIAL AND METHODS 1. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERCITICS: The effluent collected were analyzed in the laboratory for pH, acidity, alkalinity, salinity, total dissolved solid(TDS), conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total solid, total suspension solid, turbidity, BOD, DO and COD using standard methods (APHA,2005). A.DETERMINATION OF pH: The electrode of pH meter was calibrated with standard buffer solutions of pH 4, 7 and 9. The electrode was then…

Introduction Acid-base titrations are used to calculate properties of an acid or a base by titrating them with a strong Acid or base. In a titration, certain amount of volume of one substance usually a strong acid or base, a titrant, is added to another substance, an acid or base of some kind, until a change in properties are observed. Strong acids and bases are used because they allow the neutralization reaction between the acid and base into salt to go to completion. By titrating an unknown…

The concept of dynamic equilibrium can be understood using the properties of a titration of a strong base with a weak acid, including its equivalence point and half-equivalence point. The following equation demonstrates the dynamic equilibrium achieved when using a weak acid: The Ka value of a weak acid can be found experimentally using a pH meter along with the concept of equivalence point when titrating an acid and a base. One half of the weak acid has been titrated at the half-equivalence…

PRE FORMULATION STUDY: Pre formulation testing was an investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. It was the first step in the rational development of dosage forms. Class: -Pre formulation study can divide into two subclasses: API characterization, Compatibility study Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) characterization:- Organoleptic evaluation:-These are preliminary characteristics of any substance which is useful in…