Thymine

Adenine and Guanine are Purines as they have a double ring structure whereas Cytosine and Thymine are Pyrimidines as they have a single ring structure. These bases, attached to the sugar-phosphate back bone of both strands, join adjacently in a complimentary fashion. This means that a purine will bind to a pyrimidine therefore Adenine always binds with Thymine, which forms two hydrogen bonds, and Guanine always binds with Cytosine, which forms three hydrogen bonds. This is…

identified the components of the molecule, including the presence of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, as well as four nucleotide bases; the pyrimidines, cytosine (C), and thymine (T); and the purines, guanine (G), and adenine (A) (Levene 1919). Erwin Chargaff showed that in DNA the amount of adenine nucleotides equalled the number of thymine nucleotides and the number…

bonds (a bond formed as a result of the distribution of electrons between atoms). The two strands are then joined to each other by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. There are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine is complementary to thymine while guanine is complementary to cytosine. Role of Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds are produced when a negatively charged atom such as oxygen and a hydrogen atom unite. The hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous…

prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells. The DNA replication of a eukaryotic cell would be two chains held together by H bonds. The nitrogenous bases that eukaryotes have are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. DNA structure composes of one chain having guanine paired with cytosine by three H- bonds and one chain having adenine and thymine held by two H- bonds. The transcription of eukaryotic cells gets carried from the nucleus and proceeds in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.…

Achondroplasia is defined as without cartilage formation. Meaning that cartilage is a tough one but it is also an flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton during early developments. It’s an bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism. As of dwarfism, it’s an condition of short stature as an adult. There are problems dealing with achondroplasia and the problem is it not forming cartilage but it is converting it to a bone. The process of forming the cartilage and…

humans. The DNA of an individual is located in the nucleus of the cell and it is the same in every cell. DNA is the genetic makeup of an individual and it is unique to them, meaning, no one has the same genetic code of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Every person and living thing have a unique genetic code and sequence of the four chemical bases. DNA has been evolving since the beginning of time and tools have been created to identify who the DNA belongs to. Being able to identify DNA…

Skin cancer, the most common form of cancer in the United States, is defined as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells following unrepairable DNA damage to the skin. This DNA damage leads to cellular mutation and causes skin cells to multiply quickly, thus forming tumors and abnormal growths. There are several causes of skin cancer, including sunburn and ultraviolet light exposure throughout life with environmental and hereditary elements. Ultraviolet light, a type of electromagnetic…

Erwin Schrödinger was a physicist pioneer who gave a series of lectures in 1944. They were published under the title What is Life? (Harold, 2001). Though philosophical in nature, many have wondered if life can be reduced to biology or even further down to chemistry. This sent many scientists looking for the answer and spawned the guiding question, could human life be artificially created at the cellular level? This would consist of arranging the correct amounts of various elements into the…

It can be argued that “… the origin of life is the origin of replication” (Lane, 2010). This statement proves to be correct to a certain extent as if there were to be any mutations within the stages of replication, the life created could have abnormalities which may decrease quality of life experienced. Sickle cell anaemia is a hereditary form of anaemia in which a point mutation causes the formation of haemoglobin which distorts the erythrocytes into a sickle-shape (Appendix 1). The sickle…

1) Centrioles are a paired feature of animal mitotic spindles that protrude away from the centrisome of cells and are primarily tasked with the creation of microtubules. The microtubules give way to mitotic spindles, which play a vital role in both mitosis and cytokinesis as they give cilia and flagellum the ability to generate motion and they ensure both newly formed cells contain paired centrioles during the later stages of cell division. Kinetochores are protein structures that produce…