Chromatography is a separation method used to help identify mixtures. One common form of chromatography is gas chromatography. This type of chromatography will usually use a gas as the mobile phase, and a liquid as the stationary phase (“Gas Chromatography”). A gas chromatograph is comprised of some vital components, which include: the carrier gas, flow controller, injector port, column, column oven, detector, and recorder (“Gas Chromatography”). The purpose of this lab was for an unknown…
The human body produces various essential proteins that provide functionality in the biochemistry of our system. How individual molecules are separated or a mixture of molecules are separated can be dependant of their size. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), is the controlled separation technique that is based on the size of the particles in relation to the pore size (Barth and Saunders 2012). The separation process veers to be quick for large molecules and slower for smaller molecules. The…
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a separation technique utilizing differences in distribution of compounds in two phases; called the stationary phase and the mobile phase. The stationary phase designates a thin layer created on the surface of fine particles and the mobile phase designates the liquid flowing over the particles. Under a certain dynamic condition, each component in a sample has a different distribution equilibrium depending upon the solubility in the phases and or…
The liquid chromatography was performed using an Acquity UPLC® system (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) coupled to a mass spectrometer (Xevo TQ-S, Waters Corp.). The bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of the three PFCs was optimized through the various…
Data/Observations: In the chromatogram of a mixture of cyclohexanol and heptanal, there are 8 peaks. Retention times are 1.783, 2.111, 2.181, 2.832, 3.798, 4.012, 4.268, and 4.351 (min) in an increasing order. Areas are 5193372, 27743, 1333, 1283, 4005, 1734332, 3526677, and 2079050. Each area corresponds to each retention times. Calculations & Results: -Student mixture (cyclohexanol and heptanal)- Retention times of peak# 6, 7, and 8 from the student mixture look similar to the standard…
The instrumentation of a HPLC apparatus is as shown in the diagram above. A HPLC apparatus is including a solvent reservoir, degasser, pump, injector, HPLC column, detector and data collection device. Solvent reservoir The solvent reservoir is usually a glassware or reagent bottle which contained the analytic sample. It is located at the upper part of the HPLC. It is also known as mobile phase reservoir since the sample will be moved. The flowing of the sample is depends on gravitational…
1. It is necessary to list the experimental conditions when reporting a chromatogram because it will allow universal comparison. In the event that you want to compare your results with a colleague, the factors that can affect the results are listed and taken into consideration to get an accurate comparison. 2. The type of column used is listed, this column contains the stationary phase and the mobile phase is pumped through the column under pressure. The dimensions of the column are listed as…
that a SYN/ACK was received. With the 2 way handshake the server does not get any confirmation so the connection is closed. 6. When do we use Upward Multiplexing and Downward Multiplexing? The Upward Multiplexing strategy is used by the transport layer to group transport connection base on their destinations. By mapping the groups to the minimum number of network connection, this application is very beneficial especially when the network connections get…
Planarians are triploblastic acoelomates, meaning they have three tissue layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (Newmark and Alvarado, 2001). Their epidermal layer that surrounds the planarian is ciliated on the ventral surface (Newmark and Alvarado, 2001). Underneath the epidermal layer and the basal lamina, followed by a complex wall musculature that surrounds the body. The complex wall muscle is composed of the circular diagonal and muscle fibers (Newmark and Alvarado, 2001). The nervous…
Throughout the progression of human history, technological advancements have always been made at the expense of altering and harming the environment; so much so that one of the five types of conflict highlighted in literary writing is human vs. nature. One such story that addresses this conflict is Princess Mononoke by Japanese storyteller Hiyao Miyazaki. Although appearing to be a simple animated children’s tale of a boy thrown into a fight between spiritual beings and the human civilization…