Thermodynamics

3.7. Equilibrium isotherms Langmuir isotherm proposed by Langmuir, (1918) with some limitations Dąbrowski, (2001) expressed as: (4) Where qm (mg g–1) is the maximum amount of the metal ion per unit weight of adsorbent, ‘qe’ is equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg g–1), ‘Ce’ is the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate (mg L–1), and b is a constant which reveals the affinity of binding sites (L mg-1). From the plots between (Ce/qe ) and Ce the slope (1/qm ) and the intercept…

stress, strain and displacement with temperature field and investigates the interaction on the basis of the thermodynamics of the irreversible processes. It relates two separate and independently developed sciences: the theory of elasticity and the theory of heat conduction. The two basic branches of elasticity, namely elastostatic and elastodynamics are developed under different thermodynamic assumptions. The problems of static are regarded as isothermal and those of dynamics are said to be…

Pure metals are of very less application in engineering as of the need of conflicting property requirement. For e.g. an application may need a material that is both hard and ductile, there is no any such kind of substance existing in nature. For this present problem, combination (in liquid state) of one material with other material is used. This mixing of materials in the molten liquid state is termed alloying ,that provides a property that is not similar to the original materials. Bronze…

How does thermochemistry look? Thermochemistry is the different kind of energy’s. When cold water touches hot water the water temperature changes. Thermochemistry does not have a shape of form, like air you can’t see it but you can feel it. Thermochemistry happens in our body as well, when the body exercises it releases negative energy and that makes your body tired that make negative energy. Positive energy happens when you eat food your body makes it energy for you to use as the day happens.…

Langmuir isotherm The Langmuir adsorption model is established on the following hypotheses: (1) uniformly energetic adsorption sites, (2) monolayer coverage, and (3) no lateral interaction between adsorbed molecules [26]. A mathematical expression of the Langmuir isotherm is given by the following equation: Where qe (mg/g) is the amount of dye adsorbed on the solid adsorbent at equilibrium, qm (mg/g) is the maximum adsorption capacity, KL (L/mg) is the Langmuir equilibrium…

law states the intensity of radiation along a direction which has angle with the normal to the surface. The way to get perfect blackbody is that blackbody must obey Lambert’s Cosine Law. If it doesn’t, it will be broken into the second law of thermodynamics. Visualize two facing each other, both of them are flawless blackbodies at the same temperature. The radiation moves back and forth between the walls and the walls are absorbing, as well taking it as much it…

Since the naming of the dinosaurs in 1842 it has been thought that their metabolisms were similar to current day ectothermic, cold blooded reptiles., In the 1960’s- 1970’s; however, it started to become apparent that an endothermic metabolism (warm blooded, like mammals) is more conformable with new evidence and observations. Originally, predictions on the paleothermometry of dinosaurs was based on the physical performance such as the estimation of running speed from trace fossils as well as…

Almost all chemical reactions involve a loss or gain of heat. This change in heat is called enthalpy. The goal of this experiment is to calculate enthalpy for three different reactions. To calculate the enthalpy of a reaction, a calorimeter is used to measure the change in heat energy from mixing different substances. The change of temperature is found by comparing the change in temperature of the system to the temperature of the surroundings. For a calorimeter, a Styrofoam cup place in a beaker…

Introduction As we all know, that anatomy is one of the historical subject and is still continuously being taught on due to its importance. The study itself begins as early as 1600 BC, with the emerging of Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. The study during this era is mostly description on some parts of the human body. During the time of Aristotle, dissection was implemented on animal and this leads to founding of comparative anatomy subject. It was not until during the reign of King Ptolemy that…

Introduction Thermodynamics is an essential concept examined during the construction stage of houses, especially in the countries reaching extreme temperatures, such as Australia. By understanding the physics involved in thermodynamics throughout the construction stage of houses, such as heat transfer involving different colours and thicknesses, it is possible to re-examine the insulation of houses in hot countries. Such a report can lead to finding the most appropriate colour and thickness for…