Thermodynamics

INTRODUCTION Chemically and thermodynamically foam is an unstable, dispersed system of entrapment of gaseous molecules in solid or liquid matter. Instability of foam is caused generally due to coalescence, liquid drainage and disproportion of bubbles. Foam being aqueous system can be produced using surfactants available commercially. The types of surfactants used in preparation of aqueous foam influence the foam properties (Eisner et al., 2007; Bhakta and Ruckenstein, 1995). Successful foam…

Procedure: Before beginning each experiment, remove all clutter from the workstation and read the directions for the experiments thoroughly. Part 1: Warm slightly more than 300 mL of water to approximately 70 degrees Celsius. Measure out 150 mL of water into the coffee cup calorimeter. Take the temperature of this water in the coffee cup calorimeter once it has reached a steady temperature. Then, add an ice cube approximately the size of a large marshmallow. Stir the ice and water and measure…

Effect of Exercise Physiology on Mental Patients Introduction Physical activity and exercise have been associated with improvement of mental health. People with mental disorders tend to spend most of their lives in sedentary lifestyle settings, which makes them at high risk of acquiring chronic diseases and experiencing negative side effects of medication that include hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Therefore, exercise is an important component of enhancing the lifestyle of people with mental…

How do speedometers work? A: A speedometer is a gauge that measures the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Speedometers became standard in all motor vehicles in 1910 Speedometers were created by the Croatian engineer Josip Belušić in 1855 Uses the rotation of the wheels to work When the cars engine turns over the drive shaft spins to turn the wheels The speedometer cable which is powered by the driveshaft also spins A magnet located inside the speed cup (made of aluminum) of the car spins at the…

My preadolescent self and engineer father often talked during the quiet midnight hours as our family travelled from Gauteng to Cape Town. Such powwows eschewed expected paternal patterns. Instead, we were waxing over Quantum Physics, Thermodynamics, and Artificial Intelligence. The eternal thought-experiment of alternative histories always haunts. For example, what if these talks turned to other relevant topics, such as social matters? O, if one could obviate in retrograde! Truly our wounds…

Water infiltration and gas diffusion and therefore CO2 production vary a lot with soil texture. CO2 production is 20 to 40% less in clayish soils than in silty ones, but around 50% greater than sandy soils. However, the proportion of total carbon respired is higher if the concentration in clay and silt increase. (Lou & Zhou 2006, 102). 2.4.7 Soil pH Many chemical reactions are regulated by pH, and many enzymes in soil depend on it. Bacteria grow with pH interval between 4 and 9, and fungi…

Stress is one of the most controversial psychological issues among psychiatrists and social scientists. It is a concept that researchers still do not fully understand due to the reason that different people react to stress in different ways. More importantly, how does one measure stress? How does one even identify stress? Stress is often associated with worry, fear of failure, lack of control over a certain situation, or just running late for work. However, the stress spectrum is quite broad…

Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans that use their claws called chelipeds,for warning off predators. When frightened, these crayfish lift their chelipeds to make threatening gestures, all while moving backwards or staying still. We examined how long it would take for crayfish to calm down once removed from the water and if the temperature had any influence to this observation. To do this, we placed two crayfishes in room temperature water and another two in colder water for an interval of five…

The Effect of Cellular Respiration at Low and High Temperatures Introduction Cellular respiration can include two processes, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. The main purpose of cellular respiration is to breakdown sugars into smaller structures so that the cell can use it as energy (Reece, et al. 2014). The main concept of the respiration lab is aerobic respiration. This is the process that organic compounds will be degraded from oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxides, and…

surface area vs rate of time Introduction: In the investigation an experiment is conducted investigate if the breaking of alka seltzer into ½, ¼ and none effect the time it dissolves. The context of the problem is the time it dissolves to have the medicine show its effect. This problem exist in real life as people take alka seltzer to relief heartburn, acid digestion and stomach aches. This experiment would benefit society because it informs the society the better way of consuming medicine or…