Thermodynamics

Surface and center temperature of the mushroom, ambient humidity and temperature of vacuum chamber have been measured and recorded by the data logger inside the vacuum chamber (see Fig. 1). On the other hand, the control unit that records the pressure data is located outside the vacuum chamber (see Fig. 1). The measured data saved for each 10 seconds. Before starting the cooling, vacuum pump runs half an hour for stabilizing the system. Experiments carried out for three replicates and the…

of the proposed heat release rate model. The cylinder gas is considered as a spatially homogeneous thermodynamic system occupying in a single zone for the compression, expansion, intake, exhaust processes and two zones (burned and unburned zone) for the combustion process. The instantaneous composition of cylinder gases are obtained from the mass fraction of fuel burned. The instantaneous thermodynamic properties are computed by the established equations [20-21, 28]. The instantaneous gas…

The processes are characterized by the thermodynamic variable that is kept constant, while other variables such as temperature, pressure, volume, etc. change during the process. The processes are adiabatic process, isothermal process, isobaric process and isochoric process. Before going into the further explanation on types of thermodynamic processes, the real-life application of First Law of Thermodynamics that we choose is Thermos flask (or known as Vacuum flask). A flask…

2.2. Instrumentation The residual concentration of metal ion in the filtrate were analyzed by GBC, Sensaa Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (computerized AAS) with air-acetylene flame under the optimum instrumental conditions as shown in (Table 1). The solution pH was measured using digital pH meter (Hanna instrument model HI 8519, Italy). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured on Nicolet is 10 FTIR spectrometer in the range of (4000 to 400 cm-1). Scanning electron…

There are both similarities and differences between the crystal structures and crystal chemistry of quartz, α-FePO4 and β-FePO4. One of the observed differences is that when the quartz is present at different temperatures. The α-FePO4 phase when present at low temperatures, tend towards the values obtained for β-FePO4 at high temperature. In addition, this case is true for all α quartz when at low temperature, in that it will tend to the values obtained for its respective β quartz experienced at…

distance that was applied to the object. In the end energy is the measurement of the possibility of an object working on another object. With knowing how energy works, it is possible to understand the Laws of Thermodynamics and how they relate to heat transfer. Within the Laws of Thermodynamics there are three ways that heat can be transferred. These ways are convection, conduction, and finally radiation. Convection deals with liquid heat transfers. Convections currents are used typically with…

importance of various individual component species and feeding relationships within a particular ecosystem. “Energy” itself is defined as the ability to do work: All living plants and animals expend energy in their environment. All three laws of thermodynamics apply, especially the first: “Energy can neither be created or destroyed, but merely converted from one form to another”. In any ecosystem, energy is lost to the surroundings. A “Nutrient” is a food or any nourishing substance assimilated…

The goal of this lab was to determine the heat of fusion of ice (or water). According to Chem.Libretexts.org, Heat of fusion is where solids are heated to a specific heat capacity (The number of heat units needed to raise the temperature by 1 degrees) in order to break the bonds that are keeping them attached, which is called the attractive force. This lab also dealt with the concept of the direction in which a temperature follow. According to chemistryexplained.com, temperature is the measure…

increases, the more non-polar substances spend time in the gas chromatograph for a longer time. Boiling point also plays a major factor in how fast the eluates are ejected from the gas column. Also in this experiment, we learned how to calculate the thermodynamic parameters with the measured retention times. From the graphs it was evident that in a condensation process: reaction releases energy (-ΔH°), becomes more ordered (-ΔS°) and is spontaneous (-ΔG°) at low temperatures. Moreover, through…

than ever before. They are born, they live, and then they die. How does this process work, though? The answer lies within thermodynamics. Thermodynamics has helped us understand how stars transfer energy and heat. Thermodynamics is a subject of physics that is concerned with heat and temperature. It is used to describe bodies of matter and their internal energy. Thermodynamics helps us understand a star’s qualities and functionality. Let’s start from the beginning, with the stages of a star’s…