Thermodynamics

Introduction Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor (gas) at equilibrium; equilibrium occurs when there is no net change between the amount of liquid and the amount of vapor because they balance each other. When the temperature of water becomes extremely low, as it does in this experiment, the rate of vaporization does not matter. The objective of this experiment is to determine the experimental heat of vaporization and compare it to the accepted heat of vaporization of water (40.7 kj/mol).…

How TPO Roofing Works TPO Roofing Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) roofing membrane is often regarded as one of the most efficient and economical roofing alternative to PVC roofing. This single ply roofing system is made out of thermoplastic polyolefin membrane, which consist thermoplastic polyolefin top fly compound, TPO polymer base and polyester-reinforced fabric center. TPO fabric also uses fillers made out of carbon fiber, Metal Oxy Sulfate, wollastonite and fiberglass as well as EPDM and…

Alphabet Energy Matt Scullin is the PhD student in UC Berkeley and he has high interests in thermoelectric technology. In his academic career, he found that the traditional way of power generating wastes about 60% energy. While with the thermoelectric technology people can generate electricity from wasted heat and it can improve efficiency in 10% to 25%. By using his own technology, Matt started a company called alphabet energy and producing superior thermoelectric device. He narrowed his…

The term Thermochemistry refers to when heat is evolved or absorbed during a chemical reaction. When calculating the amount of energy, the number will always be expressed as a positive number. A negative sign will indicate whether the energy is evolved or absorbed. If the sign is negative, then the energy is evolved and if the sign is positive, then the energy is absorbed. The amount of heat that is released or absorbed will also be in units of Joules or Kilojoules per mol. There are two other…

Case Study 1: 1.The most likely cause of the ABO typing discrepancy in the reverse type is due to “unexpected antibodies” such as a cold/room temperature reacting alloantibody. 2.Since the auto control didn’t agglutinate, an alloantibody is suspected. With that being said, it needs to be one that reacts at room temperature. Furthermore, based on the antigen typing of the patient P1 is suspected to be interfering with the ABO results. The Lewis antigen was ruled out due to it being present on…

Energy can be potential or kinetic. Radiant energy is a form of Kinetic energy. Movement of atoms, molecules, objects, waves, substances referring to a Kinetic energy. There are many different forms of kinetic energies like sound, motion, thermal energy, electrical energy. Nevertheless, there would be no life on Earth without radiant energy. What is radiant energy? The energy of electromagnetic waves and gravitational radiation is radiant energy. Radiant energy is the result of a change in…

Theory: Boyle’s Law states that when temperature (T) is kept constant, pressure (P) and volume (V) have an inversely proportional relationship. Boyle’s constant (B) can be expressed by V=B/Pwhere volume is (in this lab) cm^3 and pressure is in atm. Charles’ Law states that when pressure is held constant, temperature and volume are directly proportional. Charles’ constant (C ) can be expressed by V=CTwhere volume is in cm^3 and temperature is in Kelvin. Gay-Lussac’s Law states that when…

Introduction Theoretically, energy in every isolated system will always be conserved so for every action there will be a reaction to stabilise the system (Ellert, G, n.d.). Such a term does also appear in the physics of fluids motion. Fluids are things that can flow such as gas, water or oil. In fluid motion physics there are two theories that are involved with the law of conservation and they are Bernoulli’s law and continuity equation. Bernoulli’s law is derived from the energy conservation…

Thermal effect results from the change in the heat capacity of the gases in the combustion chamber. It is worth mentioning that EGR contains water and CO2 which have higher specific heat capacity than air. The change in absorbing heat is proportional to the added mass, to the heat capacity at constant pressure and to the difference in temperature between the EGR and the combustion temperature. ΔQ=Δm*Cp*(Tcom-Tegr) The change in specific heat capacity results from charge dilution and represents…

Microwave (MW) assisted Esterification of Benzoic Acid (BA) offers the advantage of transformation of energy and heating throughout the volume efficiently in a shorter period and eliminates the use of excess solvent, during the course of reaction. The present study aims to assess the conversion and selectivity for the production of methyl benzoate compounds by esterification of benzoic acid using microwave irradiation. Effects of operating parameters such as reaction time, feed composition,…