Thermal radiation

RADIOWAVE OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS General definition: • They are empirical mathematical formulation for the characterization of radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions. • These models predict the path loss (i.e. the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space or underground) of a transmitter and also the effective coverage area of transmitter. We know that when a signal travels from a wireless channel, it…

Fresnel Equations The intensity of reflection in between two different medium of propagation can be calculated by using Fresnel’s equation. Light can either be s-polarized, p-polarized or unpolarized. The light radiated by the sun is an unpolarized light. In order to calculate the total reflection of an unpolarized light, we must first solve the reflected light using the Fresnel equation for s and p polarized reflection. For simplification purpose, the derivation of Fresnel’s equation will be…

The radiation pattern is wonderfully described in the form of a three dimensional graph of power versus elevation and azimuth angles but more generally defined by E-plane or H-plane where one angle is held fixed while the other is varied as shown in Figure 1.4.1. Figure 1.4.1: A radiation pattern for a microstrip antenna. The radiation pattern can be determined easily which a microstrip patch antenna has. The source of the radiation of the electric field at the gap…

(400-1100°C) weight loss is 12% due to the dehydroxylation of HA [40]. The total weight loss of all the samples found to be 30-39%. However, there was no significant weight loss observed above 700°C, indicating that the synthesized samples are high thermal stability after heat treatment at above…

heart, and reduces the radiation dose to the patient (Campeau and Fleitz, 2010). A focused grid is inserted into the moving grid mechanism of the wall stand and the automatic exposure chambers (AEC). The moving secondary grid absorbs maximum scattered radiation which negatively affects the radiograph quality but transmit the primary radiation to maximise the image quality (Willis-Owen et al., 2010). The left and right AEC are selected automatically to monitor the level of radiation transmitted…

you ever thought what it would be like if you were in the position of someone with cancer? Has it ever occurred to you that they do wish they had gorgeous locks of hair? Well, they certainly do and hair loss may be the side effect of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplants. These treatments can cause hair loss by harming the cells that help hair grow and during this process hair may fall out entirely, slowly, or in sections. Hair loss related to cancer treatment is usually…

Jeremy Hsu's article, “Scientists Create First Ever Trap for Rainbows” (2009), asserts that anyone can capture rainbows. Hsu makes this argument by explaining how scientists have manipulated lens and other materials, such as glass, varying in thickness, size, and optical coating, to capture a rainbow when a laser beam was shone through it. Hsu’s motive is to inform readers of this discovery, which involves a rainbow, an optical phenomenon that has amazed people for several generations, in order…

Problem: Swedish American Medical Center/Belvidere (SAMCB) is a smaller hospital in a neighboring town that Swedish American Health System in Rockford Illinois owns. At SwedishAmerican Medical Center/Belvidere, we currently have one Philips x-ray room and one AMX portable x-ray machine. The medical center only has one computed radiology (CR) laser reader. The x-ray room and portable x-ray both utilize this (CR) laser reader. If the laser reader happens to break down, we have no way of…

10 Thesis / Research Question: Are opioids a beneficial treatment option for cancer patients? I. Introduction: Interesting opening remarks to grab the reader?s attention: quote, short story, startling statistics Thesis: What question are you exploring in this paper and why is it important to research? What is the answer to your thesis question (Are opioids a beneficial treatment option for cancer patients?)? II. Uses of opioids in cancer treatment What opioids are commonly used for cancer…

What is the photon detection efficiency (PDE) of a SiPM? Photon detection efficiency (PDE) refers to the probability that a photon arriving on the SiPM surface is detected, an initiates the process of current pulse generation. PDE is a function of the overvoltage ΔV across the terminals of the APD and wavelength λ of the incident photon. Photon detection efficiency is one of the most important characteristics of a SiPM. PDE is the product of three factors :- Geometrical fill factor (FF), Quantum…