Theory

Kahneman and Tversky developed the Prospect Theory to describe how people choose different choices that involve risk, knowing the probable outcomes. This demonstrates the way a person feels toward taking risks that involve positive outcomes is very different from the way a person feels toward risks that involve a negative outcome. The decision a person makes reflects on their judgement which can be heavy considering the conditions of uncertainty. For example, if people had a choice of: a) 100%…

The object relations theory focuses on understanding the human being primary need for attachment. A child’s inner world is shaped by internal representations of others. According to Donald Winnicott both child’s need for attachment and need for separateness are important. However, there is a need of a holding environment, a place where a baby feels safe, protected internal and external. Children often use transitional objects when deal with separateness. Winnicott believe in order for a child to…

The motivational theory-Maslow's hierarchy of need is developed by Abraham Maslow in his paper "A Theory of Human Motivation. It consists of 5 stages, which are physiological need, safety need, social belongings, self-esteem and self-actualization. These 5 types of needs are arranged in pyramid form, which the physiological need is the lowest level while self-actualization is the highest level. This theory suggests that we only seek to satisfy next high level of need after the lower need is…

is derived. Consequently, there are seven theories that have been composed to explain leadership, great person, trait, behavioral, situational, contingency, transactional, transformational, and big five theories; each theory building upon the other and the ever advancing definition of leadership. To start, the great person theory’s (or great man theory’s) came about in the 1840’s. The theory says that leadership comes from innate qualities. “These theories asserted that leadership qualities were…

Sociologists use theories to understand society and the observations they have made about it. There are three types of sociological theories: symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Each theory provides a unique point of view in which to interpret society (15). According to symbolic interactionists, society relies on symbols. Symbols are the things with which we attribute value or significance, and understanding these symbols is important to understanding our…

A fundamental tenet of attachment theory is that the parent’s caregiving behaviour shapes a child’s internal working model of self and others. Children, who experience sensitive and consistent caregiving, develop secure working models of relationships, whereas children who experience rejecting or inconsistent relationships tend to develop insecure working models. According to Cassidy (1994) an important attribute of the secure model is the view that emotion expression is acceptable, that such…

The Theory of Caring was developed by Kristen Swanson as a middle-range theory that lists five caring processes and subdimensions, and a definition of what caring means as a nurse. To develop this theory, Swanson studied women in three separate perinatal contexts: women who had miscarried, parents with infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, and socially at risk-mothers. When studying these groups, Swanson interviewed each research participant after they had received their nursing care to…

Bandura's social learning theory is based on role modelling. "Children pay attention to some of these people and encode their behavior. At a later time they may imitate the behavior they have observed. They may do this regardless of whether the behavior is ‘gender appropriate’ or not, but there are a number of processes that make it more likely that a child will reproduce the behavior that its society deems appropriate for its sex." (http://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html, accessed 14th…

Basak Calik, author of the article “Multiple Intelligence Theory for Gifted Education: Criticisms and Implications”, “…people might have all types of intelligences to different degree rather than having a singular form of it as a distinction from the previous views of intelligence,” and that there are theories that support the opinion that there are multiple types of intelligence (Calik, 2013, 2). Two of the most widely acknowledged theories about the various types and…

Auteur theory is the theory of filmmaking in which the director is regarded as the key creative force in a film. Dubbed by American film critic Andrew Sarris in France during the late 1940’s, auteur theory was an outgrowth of the cinematic theories of Andre Bazin and Alexandre Astruc. This theory states that the director, who oversees all visual and audio elements of a film, is considered somewhat of an ‘author’ of a film more so than the writer of the screenplay. This means that visual elements…