The Gruen Transfer

System identification is a branch of systems theory that characterizes behavior of a system through its interactions with the environment described as inputs and outputs. The relationship between the input and the output can be quantitatively described in form of a mathematical model. This description could be outlined through a parametric model which uses a group of parameters usually incorporated in a few differential equations governing the physics of the system or a non-parametric model…

Electrical properties Figure. 8 shows the temperature dependence of resistivity of the Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes. As seen, the data reveal a semiconductor behavior where the resistivity decreases with the increases of temperature. The decrease of the electrical resistivity with increase of temperature is resulted from the increase of the charge carriers that can overcome the energy barrier and participate in the electrical conduction where in metal complexes, the metal…

Kinetic and potential energy play an essential role in the segments or phases in a heating or cooling graph representing an exothermic or endothermic process. Kinetic energy is the energy of a system that is in motion of the particles in the system. Potential energy is the energy of a system in which it represents the arrangement of the particles of the system. Kinetic energy and potential energy never increase or decrease at the same time, however, when one energy is changing the other remains…

2.3 Computational fluid dynamics Computational fluid dynamics or commonly abbreviated as CFD is the branch of fluid dynamics which is applied to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by the numerical solution of the governing equations to analyze complex flows system such as complex turbulent flow (Versteeg and Malalasekera, 1995). Therefore, CFD has often been provided as the tool for testing of conditions which are not possible or difficult…

What is an Onsen? An onsen is a term used for Japanese people referring to the “hot spring baths”. A natural Onsen use hot water from geothermal heated springs, though there are many indoor onsen (bath houses) that are filled with heated tap water. The onsens were used as public baths for Japanese people but nowadays there are many private ones and it’s also a tourist attraction for foreigners. My experience I went to one onsen in Nagoya called “Ozone No Yu”. Ozone-Cho, Higashi-ku Nagoya…

An air conditioner is very essential to both homes and businesses. You will note that this device normally helps to either warm or cool the temperatures of your house. During summer, the temperatures can be very hot. This can make you feel uncomfortable. In this case, you need an air conditioner in order to regulate the temperatures of your house. During winter, the temperatures can get very low. This can be detrimental. You need to warm up the temperatures of your house so that you can feel…

1. Temperature : A temperature is an objective measurement of hot or cold. It is measured by thermometer (Paul S. Welch,1938). Its most common unit is celcius. It is an important physical property of water because temperature controls the rate of most of the chemical reaction. As temperature affects the growth, reproduction and immunity of living organisms, therefore, drastic temperature changes can be fatal to living organisms. 2. pH : pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or…

Thermosel Stainless Steel Bellow Expansion Joint was designed to utilize the piping system and to monitor the thermal expansion or terminal movement where the utilization of extension circles is undesirable or unreasonable. We offer this Thermosel Stainless Steel Bellow Expansion Joint that can prevent the unnecessary damage caused by vibration, pressure thrust, thermal growth, and other mechanical issues that can affect to the piping system. These Expansion joints are uniquely intended to…

5. 3. 4 Typical application and thermometric error Consider a typical application such as the measurement of surface temperature by a surface mounted thermocouple as shown in Figure 5.9 (a). Figure 5. 9 : (a) Surface mounted thermocouple in Example 5. 1 (b) Thermal resistance network model Heat loss from the thermocouple is modeled as shown above by discussion leading to Equation 5.3. Thermocouple attached to the surface of a massive solid whose temperature we would like to measure.…

installation costs. The most appropriate metric to describe the performance of a heat exchanger is its thermal capacity, which is its ability to transfer heat between the hot and cold fluids at different temperatures. Thermal capacity depends on the design of the heat exchanger unit and the fluid properties that flow in the device. If the heat transfer surface is sufficient, the…