The Evolution of Cooperation

Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier are two great boxers who despised each other in the ring, and are part of the greatest rivalry in the sport of boxing. They are hostile when together, but extremely peaceful alone. Just like them, science and religion are very peaceful on their own, but when they are put together, they provoke thoughts that lead to arguments. Meanwhile, Peanut butter and jelly are two items that go extremely well together and are part of the lunch for many kids in their early years.…

HTTP ] [13: M. Sornarajah, The International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 3rd ed., p. 183-187 ] [14: The preamble to the 1959 Germany-Pakistan BIT reads as follows: DESIRING to intensify economic cooperation between the two States, INTENDING to create favourable conditions for investments by nationals and companies of either State in the territory of the other State, and RECOGNIZING that an understanding reached between the two States is likely…

1. How do the major IR theories define and explain change. Why has this become an important standard in evaluating the utility of alternate IR approaches? Which theory or combination of theories does best at explaining change (use examples from recent events)? Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, major global changes have occurred in the world. In order to understand these changes from an International relations’ point of view, we must look at theories such as realism, liberalism and…

intuitions, it is important to bear in mind their evolution within a social context. Specifically, we ought to contemplate their role within groups of humans, which, as social animals, we evolved in. Doing so will come into play once we consider the limitations and problems that face the utilisation of intuitions in moral theory. In terms of social groups, our moral psychology, and our moral intuitions, serve as devices for enabling and promoting cooperation between members of a group, where we…

1. Definition The tendency to become less productive in groups was first documented by Max Ringelmann, a French agricultural engineer, in 1913. According to Steiner (as cited in Forsyth, 2014), when Ringelmann had individuals and groups pull on a rope attached to pressure gauge, groups performed below their predicted potential productivity. More so, the efficiency loss increases as group size increases. This reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared to when…

In this essay the main focus is the European Union. Total continental unity was always an idea in the minds of the great leaders of Europe but they could never follow through due to the fact they would use force to enforce cooperation. This all changed after World War II, unity was easier to enforce due to the fact that many of the European nations were very vulnerable at this point in time. While the Marshall Plan was taking care of the postwar recovery efforts, the European nations still…

The rapid evolution of technology has made it simple for modern students to excel in their studies and be able to freely express themselves using social media. “The global spread of digital technology and, most recently, social media has enabled many young people to…

losses were valuable lessons that teach humankind to be prepared for any calamity, prevent and act quickly. Also, the Black Death brought an important legacy such as, a new medical system where surgeries were improved, the perfume industry, the evolution of the modern clinic and hospitals, and so forth. As William Faulkner said, “The past is never dead. It’s not even not…

1. Introduction UNCED, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil over the period of 12 days in the year 1992. This is also referred to as Rio Summit or Earth Summit. Magnitude and scale of this meet was so huge that 172 countries participated including 116 countries which sent head of the states for this. Also more than 2000 representatives from NGO attended this conference. Agenda 21 which was one of the tangible results of this Earth Summit…

The article Leveraged Resources and Systems Changes in Community Collaboration by Gabriel Kuperminc and Christopher Harper (2014) emphasizes “the ability of diverse partners to come together to enact systematic changes to improve the health of individuals and communities.” The authors present a variety of examples that shows that changes in policy promote a successful, collaborative leverage of resources from state, federal and private partners. Inter-organizational collaboration is an essential…