T cell

guanine. They are shown by their first letter: A- Adenine T- Thymine C- Cytosine G- Guanine The backbone that holds the nucleotides are called phosphate and deoxyribose. The nucleotides are known as bases. Human body has about 210 different kinds of cells, which does a different job makes the body work. Blood cells, bone cells, and the cells that make up our muscles are just three types of cells. DNA holds the instructions on what cells have to do. Shape of DNA molecule DNA looks like very thin…

(CAR T-Cell Therapy).…

are made up by the building blocks of life named “cells”. They are the foundation of life and contain microscopic components called organelles which carry out complex tasks to provide the “basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms” (Wikipedia, Cell(Biology), viewed 19th March 2016, Cells can be classified into two major groups- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are organisms that do not contain a cell nucleus and have no membrane bound…

genetic information in cells and some viruses, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. DNA sequences are replicated by the cell prior to cell division and may include genes, intergenic spacers, and regions that bind to regulatory proteins. DNA A. adenine T. thymine C. cytosine G. guanine What is RNA ? A nucleic acid present in all living cells and many…

were to be any mutations within the stages of replication, the life created could have abnormalities which may decrease quality of life experienced. Sickle cell anaemia is a hereditary form of anaemia in which a point mutation causes the formation of haemoglobin which distorts the erythrocytes into a sickle-shape (Appendix 1). The sickle cells are not able to flow through blood vessels as easy as the disc-shaped erythrocytes (Appendix 2) resulting in blocked blood vessels which could, therefore,…

deoxyribonucleic acid, is the stuff in humans and almost all other organisms. About every cell in you and everyone else's body has the same DNA. DNA is usually located in the cell nucleus (nuclear DNA),however small amounts of DNA can be found in the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). The DNA has information stored as a code created by four chemical bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Each base is connected to a sugar molecule and phosphate molecule. All…

Jorunal #2 Molecules and Cells 1. During the first weeks of Bio 001 lectures, we discussed “what it means to be alive”, and then we discussed the concept of “emergent properties” in the origin of functional molecules and cells. What is meant by “emergent properties” in biology? In biology, emergent properties are when parts of an organism interact with one another to perform a specific function. It is important to note that an emergent property is not exhibited by one part alone. Usually,…

Movement of cells are important since some cells depends on movement to carry out its major function. For example, sperm cells need to move from one place to another place to carry out reproduction. Movement of cells are supported by cytoskeleton system of the cells. The cyctoskeleton system are composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. However, for unicellular organisms such as Paramecium, the movement of cells are regulated through cilia or flagella. Cilia can be…

Aspergillus nidulans: One of the lesser known pathogen of the aspergilli group, A. nidulans is a model filamentous fungus widely used for studying eukaryotic cell biology (Galagan et al., 2005). A. nidulans possesses a phospholipid-hydrolyzing novel cPLA2 protein, PlaA, which shows maximum similarity to mammalian-type cPLA2 proteins (α, β, γ) (Hong et al., 2005). Like the three isoforms of human cPLA2 proteins, A. nidulans PlaA also consists of two separate catalytic domainsA and B, and…

Gene Therapy & Cancer Cells Gene therapy is often defined as a treatment that uses genes to cure or prevent diseases. Genes, DNA, and protein are all involved with each other, therefore, in many immune diseases, if one fails your whole immune system could eventually fail. This treatment is relatively new; hence it is still a pretty risky experimentation since it involves getting genes into cancer cells. Gene Therapy is often involved in serious cancer cell treatments; its main purpose is to try…