Systole

Separating the chambers are valves. The heart valves allow the blood to flow through the heart in one direction preventing backflow. The two types of valves are the atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve. The contraction of the heart is known as systole, and the relaxation is identified as the diastole. The heart has a pretty distinguishable beating sound to it caused by the closing of the heart valves. Along with chambers and valves the body has two circuits, pulmonary and systemic…

Psychological Stress Test The acute psychological stress test we used was a ten-minute version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Gronwall, 1977). This has been shown to reliably perturb both the cardiovascular system and salivary cortisol levels (Phillips et al., 2005, Phillips et al., 2006, Phillips et al., 2009) and demonstrate good test-retest reliability (Willemsen et al., 1998). In this task, the participants were presented, via a compact disc player, a series of single…

Introduction The client is MK, a 50 year old female who is status post 3 hours of a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The PTCA was performed because MK failed a cardiac stress test and was found to have significant coronary disease with a 90% blocked mid-left anterior descending artery and a 90% blocked proximal circumflex artery, which required the placement of two stents. MK is currently employed as a daycare owner, and she is married, but the couple does not have children…

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common congenital defect. I find it to be a very interesting topic for various reasons. One of them is because the first open heart surgery in America over half a century ago was to fix Tetralogy of Fallot. One of the other reasons is that this is a very complex defect and it is a defect that we cannot prevent from occurring. From the very first surgery to fix Tetralogy of Fallot it was a successful procedure. Over time technology and new research has benefited…

stiff. This process mainly relates to the heart muscles of the ventricle chambers. The ventricles are the main problem within heart failure, they are either too stiff or not contracting properly. The heart ventricles cannot pump hard enough during systole, which is called systolic heart failure. Diastolic heart failure is when not enough blood fills into the ventricles during…

QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the pathophysiology of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Include discussion of risk factors associated with the development of this disease. (10 points) Coronary artery atherosclerosis is most commonly comprised of atherosclerotic fibrous fatty obstructions of the large epicardial vessels, which provide for blood flow and transport nutrients, oxygen, and elimination of metabolic waste products such as CO2, lactic acid, and hydrogen ions. Coronary artery atherosclerosis…