Synapse

molecular studies have pointed to the similar pathways involved with learning and memory and with drug addiction including LTP and LTD (Nestler, 2001, as cited by Volkow, 2002). Addictive drugs have been shown to modify LTP and LTD at glutamatergic synapses in the ventral tegmental area of the NAc (Jones et al., 2000; Nicola et al., 2000, as cited by Nestler,…

Glial Cells are supporting cells in the nervous system (central nervous system [CNS] and peripheral nervous system [PNS]) which aid in the efficiency of neural operations in the nervous system, (Carlson, 2013). Carlson (2013, p.36) indicates the general functions of the glial cells as: keeping neurons in place; supplying neurons with nutrients and the chemicals needed to communicate with each other; protecting neurons from each other to promote coherent messages; and “destroying and removing the…

Mutations in the FMR1 gene result in fragile X syndrome. The FMRP protein helps regulate the production of other proteins and plays a role in the growth of synapses. Synapses are specialized connections between nerve cells and are critical for transferring nerve impulses. Usually, this CGG segment is repeated from five to forty times. People with fragile X syndrome have the CGG segment repeated over two hundred times…

development, like during infancy. While the brain starts to develop during infancy, the brain produces more synapses than needed. Through social interaction with parents or others, the connections that are used frequently become stronger and the connections that are not used become dormant. This process is known as synaptic pruning. Synaptic pruning helps network the brain and connects the synapses that we learned through socialization. The brain is plastic…

blood pressure, relaxed muscles, and constricted pupils. The neurons of the parasympathetic systems are in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord and are called craniosacral. Like the preganglionic synapses of the sympathetic system, they release acetylcholine. The preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic ganglia. Parasympathetic ganglia are located near the organs. Postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter…

GAD67. GABA signaling is largely responsible for inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain (Coulter and Eid, 2012). Hippocampal and thalamic inhibitory synapses are rapidly impacted when the glutamate-glutamine cycle is compromised. The predominant consequence may to be reduce GABA synthesis and release from inhibitory synapses and thus enhance network excitability. Hyperactivation in the CA1 hippocampal region is specifically evident as this area is extensively regulated by…

use the sensory actions of the eye etc. and the back forth signaling between the brain and the nerve cells helps the brain to carry the right action. Action potentials are housed by neuron structures which are made up of axons and dendrites. The synapses is the little gap between neurons across which they communicate with neurotransmitters. Every neuron usually has only one axon which can be short or long leaving the cell body however some of them can have many branches. The cell body receives…

far are donepezil, galantamine, memantine and rivastigmine. Donepezil and memantine may be used in combination to treat Alzheimer’s (Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia). Alzheimer’s destroys synapses and kills neurons. Drugs for Alzheimer’s support the communication process of neurons by helping maintain the synapse and also tries to keep neurons from dying. Cholinesterase inhibitors slow down the process that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine…

Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses and neurotransmitter receptors between neurons. The foundation of neurotransmitter and synapse development began during the cell differentiation stage and continues in synaptogenesis. Unlike the cell differentiation stage, synaptogenesis can occur after the fetal/infancy period. Neurons begin…

Science assignment A lot of young teens or adults experiment with heroin thinking, “I’ll try it once or twice. I can always stop.” But those who start down that road find it nearly impossible to turn back. Heroin is a drug that slows down the messages travelling between your brain and body which can also be classified as a depressant drug a depressant drug, or central depressant drug, is a very commonly used drug for pain relief or endogenous compound that lowers neurotransmission levels, which…