Surface mining

methods of extraction involved in oil sands operations: Surface mining (~55% of current production) is used in shallow oil sands reserves using open-pit mines where the bitumen is then extracted using hot water. In situ production (~45 of current production) from underground reservoirs uses both cold and thermal technologies to recover and extract the bitumen and move it to the surface. There is no clear environmental winner between in situ and mining methods. (Bergerson and Keith 2010, p.…

have ever hit the United States of America. The hurricane Katrina originated in the coast of Bahamas where it was formed Hurricane Katrina caused major havoc that affected the planet earth in a very big way. The hurricane Katrina damaged the oil mining of Bp along the shore of the Gulf of Mexico leading to massive oil spillages…

Nearly every battery in a phone, laptop or electric car is lithium based. The element lithium is a difficult substance to harvest. It must be evaporated from brine which is found in salt lakes. This brine is pumped from underground to the surface then allowed to evaporate in large pans before being separated by electrolysis. From there the lithium metal oxide is taken to a factory where it is made into battery cells [6]. At the factory the anode and cathode materials are separated for production…

Beside from its aesthetic value, coral reefs provide a range of goods and services, which are essential to humankind. For an environment that covers less than 1 percent of Earth’s surface, coral reefs “produce an estimated $30 billion of revenue from direct use values such as tourism and fishing, and indirect use values such as coastal protection” (“Coral Reefs: Importance,” 2016). Reefs also provide protection to our land by “reducing the resilience of waves during storms thereby preventing…

Geography of Alaska, Alaska became the forty-ninth state in 1959. Alaska is the biggest state in the United States combined by California, Montana, and Texas. It has more ocean coastal then all of United States combined. Alaska extends from Eastern Hemisphere and both the westernmost and easternmost state in united state. The land area is 570,380 square miles (1477,300 km2). In 1967 United States bought Alaska. Frozen water, in the form of glacier ice, covers some 16,000 square miles (41,000…

This critical thinking ability is what makes Minecraft so valuable in educating the youth; beyond the surface gameplay of slaying mobs and building mud houses to survive the night exists a complex game, one with formulas that dictate the best level for mining, or how to create automatic farms using complex redstone and AI mechanics. The process of refining one’s creation to become smaller or more efficient encourages the player…

Phosphorus was discovered by the German alchemist Hennig Brandt, in 1669. In a surely arduous process, Brandt heated and processed 50 to 60 buckets, per experiment, of urine until he isolated a substance he named ‘light-bearer’ or phosphorus. Each of these experiments could take two weeks. He would let these buckets of urine stand until they ‘bred worms’. Brandt would then boil the urine with sand, and this is how he distilled elemental phosphorus. This discovery is also notable, aside from…

The following writing represents a review and criticism of Twain's short story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." This short story is one of Twain's earliest literary successes and most accomplished early sketches, this 2,600-word narrative was written following a three-month stay at Jackass Hill and Angel's Camp in California's Calaveras County in late 1864 and early 1865. The tale is told using the structure of a traditional Southwestern frame story, wherein a gentle, educated…

Ancillary businesses that supported railroads, mining and other industries florished as they supported growing western communities. Over time the majority of the inhabitants of these cities desired to establish a set of rules or laws to live by. Mobility and innovation made crime more difficult to detect. Mobility encouraged crimes involving trust, such as seduction, fraud and violent crimes. Enabled by an incentive to start anew elsewhere many bolted after their crimes. The ease of moving…

this Kimondromondro. But it seems like it would just be a normal plant that you would see every day. I have noticed that some problems of the plant are illegal collections, and finally it is also due to threat of habitat loss caused by wild fire and mining. Well as far as I know I haven’t found that anybody has tried to make a solutions toward the plant or any attempts. I think that people should try to plant more of Kimondromondro, I know that it’s pretty difficult to keep from wildfires…