Surface energy

II. Energy balance model The methodology adopted has been used to predict the heating and cooling requirements of different buildings. Energy needs, expressed in Kilowatt-hour (kWh) are given commonly by equation 1: (01) In the heating season, equation 1 is simplified as follows: (02) In the cooling season, equation 1 is transformed into the following form: (03) During inter-seasons periods, if the heat generated by energy sources (lights, occupants and their activities) is higher than the…

this chapter. The fundamental reason of this vibration is thermal and the lowest achievable energy (i.e. zero-point energy). The forces acting on atoms tend to always make them return to the equilibrium position. The relation between atomic forces and thermal motion can be called lattice dynamic. The atomic force at equilibrium is described by the following formula: F=-∇ ⃑ U=0 where U is binding energy "potential…

the reference [28]. Where: A plot of qe versus Ln (Ce) enables the determination of the isotherm constants BT and KT from the slope and the intercept, respectively. KT is the equilibrium binding constant (L/mol) corresponding to the maximum binding energy and constant BT is related to the heat of adsorption. The isotherm constants of each model were calculated and presented in Table 2. Examination of the linear isotherm parameters show that the correlation coefficients (R2) obtained from the…

relationship. 1.2.2 The McWhorter Model According to this model, fluctuations in the surface density of electrons, which results into fluctuation in conductivity, arise from exchange of electrons between the surface layer and traps lying in the oxide layer covering the surface. The transfer of electrons took place via tunneling. Since the tunneling probability decreases exponentially with separation between surface and trap, so does the characteristic inverse relaxation time. This time is given…

analyzed using linear form of all the isotherm equations Models having high correlation coefficient (R2 ) values are considered best fit to represent the sorption data. The Freundlich isotherm holds for multilayer non-ideal adsorption on heterogeneous surface and is represented by the following empirical equation: qe = KF Ce 1/n Where, KF = adsorption equilibrium constant (mg/g) 1/n= adsorption intensity of dye onto the adsorbent Ce = equilibrium concentration of dye (mg/L) qe = the amount…

of these resources are finite including fossil fuels such as coal and oil. For the 21st century, coal, gas and oil are no longer recommended as we’re moving towards infinite renewable resources such as solar and wind power. The electricity and heat energy derived from these resources is used in our homes for every day uses such as cooking, lighting, air conditioning, refrigeration etc (see…

BATTERY BANK THE CHEMISTRY According to (Wikipedia, 2016), the deep-cycle battery is a type of lead-acid battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using the majority of its capacity (45% - 75% depending on manufacturing and construction). These batteries are able to be cycled down to 20% charge, but the best cost vs lifespan method is to keep the average cycle at approximately 45% discharge. There is an indirect correlation between the number of charge and discharge cycles the battery…

- This all thanks to the sun - Without the sun, we all would be dead, it gives us light, heat and energy to heat up the Earth - Most of the energy stays inside of the sun because of its gravitational pull, and all small amounts leave the surface in the form of radiant energy Type of star: Age: Yellow dwarf 4.5 Billion Years Diameter: 1,392,684 km Mass: 1.99 × 10^30 kg (333,060 Earths) Surface Temperature: 10,000°C 5,600 °C How Does the Sun Work? Nuclear Fusion: Fusion is a process…

vapor pressure. Water does not vaporize easily because the surface area for water to escape to the surrounding is decreasing when solute like salt and sugar are added to it. More energy are required to increase the vapor pressure of sugar solution or salt solution to exceed the atmospheric pressure so that…

(1951) reported 26 kJ/mol in the study of oxidation kinetics of galena (PbS) while Stenhouse and Armstrong (1952) reported an activation energy of 20 kJ/mol for the alkaline oxidation of pyrite. Koslides and Ciminelli (1992) suggested that during alkaline oxidation of sulphides, there is a change from chemical (activation energy > 40 kJ/mol) to diffusion (activation energy < 40 kJ/mol) control as the rate determining step when temperature is above 100°C This led them to conclude that the…