Superoxide dismutase

APX2 as a Scavenging Mechanism for Superoxides in Chloroplast Mohammed Shilleh, Michael Stefano, Jacqueline Watkins, Kelsey Wyman Chin BSC4936 University of Florida APX2 as a Scavenging Mechanism for Superoxides in Chloroplast Introduction and Background Stress can be defined as a disruption of homeostasis. Chloroplasts are especially sensitive to stress and have many levels of defense against it. These defense mechanisms include adjustment of antenna size, thermal dissipation, photochemistry and, lastly, antioxidant systems that scavenge toxic compounds. Stress can induce the uncoupling of the light and dark reactions that results in the formation of dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS)such as superoxide radical (O2-), hydrogen…

2001). It has been suggested that effects of ROS on human cells may induce the oxidative injury leading to apoptosis (Salganik 2001). To study the relationship between ROS production and apoptosis, BaP-, DBT-, and Ret-induced ROS production in SK-N-SH cells was measured following exposure to CM-H2DCFDA, which forms a fluorescent oxidation product in the presence of ROS. Fig. ….shows the ROS levels after exposure to BaP, DBT, Ret, and H2O2 (positive control). A dose-dependent significant increase…

For example, superoxide dismutase catalases conversion of superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, while catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen proceeds. Glutathione peroxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides to lipid alcohols and water and glutathione reductase mainly converts from the oxidized form of glutathione to the reduced form.12, 52 Among those, G6PD is a key enzyme for maintenance of redox potential in cells and NADPH produced by G6PD acts…

Francisella tularensis is an important microbial agent which causes the severe infection of tularemia. The intracellular life cycle of this bacterium is supported by a vast range of protective guards such as enzymes. Although several enzymes are recognized in different subspecies of the bacterium, acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase are seen in all bacterial subspecies. On the other hand, the most important enzymatic system relating to host cells is NADPH oxidase. For this reason, the…

It was given to all groups except the normal one. Cranberry extract and vitamin C were orally given daily for 3 weeks and the last dose of each was given 1 h before Diclofenac sodium administration. Blood samples were collected 24 h after Diclofenac sodium administration. Values are given as mean ± SD for groups of eight animals each. * Significantly different from normal group at p< 0.01 Table 2: Level of blood reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and…

the death of the upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord of the brain. Prior to their destruction, motor neurons develop protein components in their cellular bodies and axons. These components are often combined with and combining one of the proteins associated with ALS: SOD1, TDP-43, or FUS. These components are non-amyloid aggregates. This disease has been found to contradict plaque and protein accumulation. The TDP-43 protein produced by this genetic anomaly is…

This process involves oxygen in the break down of glucose, resulting in the production of two important free radicals – superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical (Bogdanov et al., 1998). Among these two, the hydroxyl radical is the most potent one; however, if these radicals are not broken down into pieces, then they will accumulate in high concentrations and will eventually begin to kill cells. There is no clear cut pathophysiology known yet, but there are possible mechanisms that are at the root…

Advice For Purchasing The Top Quality Maples Syrup In the modern world, everyone looks the best sweetener for preparing their favorite food item. Considered maple syrup is the natural and pure sweetener derived from sap, so it is highly healthy for those who using it in a correct range. Many nutrients are found in the maple syrup include protein, energy, carbohydrates, fat, sugars and water. In terms of minerals it contains phosphorus sodium, zinc, calcium, potassium and magnesium. Apart from…

Molecular oxygen is reduced to superoxide anion (O−2·) that is converted to other forms of reactive oxygen species. ROS reacts with lipid, protein and other cellular components to cause damage to cell membrane and mitochondria of the heart muscle fibers [1] These free radicals may then cause injury to the heart, an organ that has a relatively low level of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Others studies propose that the mechanism of DOX-induced heart apoptosis…

Cerium is a rare earth element of the lanthanide series (atomic no. = 57– 71) of the periodic table. Among the various rare earth metals, cerium granted a hugeattention towards scientific community due to its catalytic antioxidant property. Usually, antioxidants protect cells from oxidative damage, mediated by ‘reactive oxygen species’ (ROS), which include free radicals such as superoxide anion (O2•-), hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet oxygen (1O2) and non-free radical species like hydrogen…