it was realised that slum was not an inescapable urban future. In 1958 almost one third of Cuban population was residing in shantytowns. Huge wave was started for rehabilitation of the population. In third world countries, Nehru, Abdul Nasser and Sukarno also promised to rebuild slums and new houses. But this idea remained totally unclear because governments didn't pay any attention to address this problem. World Bank and IMF defined the reinforcement of the minimalist role of national…
history? The Indonesian mass killings took place at a time when Southeast Asia, still emerging from colonialisms, was energized by social ideology. At the time, the United States was already on ground in Vietnam. In Indonesia, it was led by President Sukarno and a home to one of the world’s largest Communist parties and was seen by Washington as the next domino that could fall. The United States saw communism as a threat. ‘The domino theory was a Cold War policy that suggested a communist…
One of the key reasons for the general mistreatment of one ethnic group by a larger, more powerful one is that the underrepresented group is seen by the latter as standing in the way of political, social, or economic development. These are all key factors as the mainstream culture attempts to assimilate the lesser and encourage them to “progress” while they refuse to do so. Their refusal causes indignation on the part of the mainstream public, leading to unfortunate social crises. However,…
Nationalism itself could be defined as a sense of belonging, of people who identify and create a sense of understanding due to the common culture and characteristics among themselves, hence be called as a nation. “It is an ideological movement for the attainment and maintenance of autonomy, unity, and identity on behalf of a population deemed by some of its members to constitute an actual or potential ‘nation’” (Tarling 2004, p. 15). The core of nationalism is nation hence it projects an…
Malaysian plan was considered as one of the reason for the outbreak of Brunei rebellion that happened in 1962 considering the fact that the political issues that arise between Tunku Abdul Rahman and Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien. Brunei was one of the smallest provinces compared to other four regions under Malaysian federation, yet the richest amongst all. Hence, this is the reason why Tunku Abdul Rahman had interests in Brunei. Moreover, Brunei has closed relationship with some of the royal family…
attempt. The government heard of these rumors and perceived them to be threats against the government, causing them to be more cautious of the communists than they were before. Alongside the threats of a coup, the government was on edge after president Sukarno collapsed during an event due to sickness. The government viewed this as the perfect time to perform a coup, which escalated the tensions and caused the government to be on the lookout, even though they missed the most important attack…
2.1 The Threat of Communism While the Cold War is generally considered a bipolar rivalry, the Southeast Asian context had evolved into a tripolar security concern- involving the Chinese Diaspora in the various states and their Communist Chinese counterparts. In Thailand, domestic anxiety intensified due to the presence of the large Chinese population and their large shares in the domestic economy, which rendered them forces to be reckoned with. The Thai government sought to rapidly quash…
As World War II concludes, another war begins for America. Unusually, this war will be fought with no direct military campaigns between its primary adversaries, the United States and the Soviet Union. America fears that the Soviets push to globalize communism is a direct attack on America and democracy; therefore, the U.S. utilizes their Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate covert operations in an effort contain the threat of world domination. Consequently, the conflict becomes known…
During the early career, Mendes Correia had been in good terms with the government of the Republic. When the new regime of Estado Novo and the Salazar Dictatorship gradually emerged from the 1920s to 1934, he adjusted himself to such political shift. The physical anthropology’s shift of interest towards the colonies accompanied such political development. His academic career was totally successful; publication of numerous articles and monographs, opening of the colonial exhibition in 1934, and…
1. Introduction 1.1 Background A budget hotel is an establishment which is offering rooms to its customers at lower tariff rates than the industry norms and proposing limited facilities and services (Rogerson, 2013). Budget hotels had become a real trend over these past few years resulting in the expansion of specialized international groups such as Ibis Budget, Best Western, etc. These chains capitalized on international marketing locations such as China and Malaysia (Chan & Ni, 2011). In…