Substitution cipher

World War II and the Enigma machine Ben Karpinski Independent Studies The Enigma Machine was a very large turning point in technology for the war. Not only was it a way of communication, but it was a way of coded information. This would end up being a way to transfer top secret information long distance. The engineer Arthur Scherbius, from Germany, invented the Enigma machine in the hope of selling to commercial companies in the department of communications. Little did he know where it…

Substitution is the simplest method that replaces a character in the plain text with a fixed different character in the cipher text. This method preserves the letter frequency in the plain text and so one can search for the plain text from a given cipher text by comparing the frequency of each letter against the known common frequency in the underlying language. 1.7 Let…

Employees are an important asset of any organization. In today’s digital world, employees must be educated on the important of security and how they can protect their organization’s information systems data. To do this, user access and identity must be managed properly to control the risks associated with confidential information and user data falling into the wrong hands. One way to manage user access is by using passwords to establish a user 's identity to gain access. History of Passwords…

In October 1892, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes - the world’s first consulting detective. In his lifetime, the late Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published four novels and five volumes of short stories about the detective. Holmes’s cases involve a range of …. from cracking codes to preventing political scandal and international turmoil. He apprehends the common thief and aspires to defeat Europe’s most dangerous criminal mastermind. Although each case is unique, they can be…

Beam search is an informed algorithm for searching a graph that extends the Breadth-First search (Jungwirth, 2006). The Breadth-First search is essentially a special-case Best-First search where the evaluation function, f(n) is the same as the heuristics function, h(n) (JONES, 2008). Therefore in order to properly discuss Beam search, there is the need for a brief introduction to Best-First algorithm. The Best-First search traverses a tree from top to bottom and searches for nodes on the same…

Jorge Francisco Isidore Luis Borges (24th August 1899-14th June 1986)’s Other Inquisitions (1964) [originally published as Otras Inquisiciones in 1952] forms a necessary complement to the fictional entities of Fictions (originally published as Ficciones in 1944) and The Aleph (published as El Aleph in 1949) which made him a towering personality in Latin American avant-garde literature. Poet, essayist, critic, translator- Borges is truly a virtuoso. His fiction, a vortex for seemingly the entire…