Substantia nigra

“Parkinson's disease is movement and neurodegenerative disorder with progressive dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra along with Lewy body formations in the central, enteric and peripheral nervous systems”. Parkinson's disease (PD) was first described in the essay entitled, ‘An Essay of the Shaking Palsy’ by James Parkinson in 1817. Parkinson occurs when the substantia nigra, the nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain,…

The Parkinson is a disease that make Causes damage to the brain For lack of a neurotransmitter that is called dopamine and they are asked to be dopamine, dopamine is a neurotransmitter for the brain to send impulses to the motor nerves of the human body so that the body's bodies can work better and is important in all nerve responses that are related to the expression of emotions; Can be administered dopamine in the treatment of various types of shock like the Such as Parkinson's tremor Which…

that sends messages from the brain and different nerve cells in the body. Dopamine is considered a chemical that is produced in three different areas of the brain. The areas of the brain that are affected by Dopamine are the hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is linked to movement, memory, attention, inhibition of prolactin production, learning, sleep, mood, pleasurable reward, behavior, pain processing and cognition in the body. Symptoms of…

2015). The dopamine neurons of this system project to the ventral striatum, olfactory tubercle, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The mesostriatal dopamine system has dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain, that project to the dorsal striatum (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The mesostiatal system plays a role in motor coordination and movement (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The lateral…

3.25 PAST AND FAMILY HISTORY All antenatal women should be assessed for a past history of depressive episodes. Depressive episodes experienced any time in the past, in relation with or not in relation with childbirth pose a significantly increased risk of developing PPD(7),(22),(54),(70). A 3.6 times higher risk of PPD was found in women who had a previous history of major depressive episode (48). However, an Indian study stated that a past history of depression increased the risk of further…

During Parkinson’s disease, substantia nigra cells die because of the abnormal patterns caused by impaired movements, it is the loss of neurons within areas of the brain. Levodopa, also known as L-Dopa, is a chemical that has developed and modernized the treatment of Parkinson’s disease…

The human body is a unique formation that represents how every component, whether it’s a chemical, cell, or organ all have an important role to have a healthy physiological and anatomical system. Dividing into which part of the body they control most, they create the organ systems that are the nervous, respiratory, articulatory, digestive, endocrine, and the cardiovascular system. The neurological, or the nervous, system is our control system that regulates impulses, chemicals, and commands to…

Cocaine is a psychoactive drug affects the limbic system of the body, which controls pleasure and motivation. In 1859 Albert Niemann, German Chemist, isolated cocaine from the leaves of the Coca plant which is located in the Andes Mountains of South America. It is the second oldest psychoactive drug and in the Medical field it is classified as a Schedule II Drug; meaning it can be used in a controlled medical setting but it is highly addictive. When cocaine is used as a recreational drug it…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is regarded as the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is a result of the loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra (Robakis and Fahn, 2015). This deficiency of dopamine produces symptoms such as: tremors, rigidity and bradykinesia in affected patients (de Lau and Breteler, 2006). It is thought that the mitochondrial enzyme, monoamine oxidase (MAO), is involved in the neuropathology of PD. MAO is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidative…

Dopamine Receptor D2 The D2 dopamine receptor has an extremely important function in the nervous system. The D2 receptor is metabotropic: it is coupled with a G-Protein linked receptor. This implies that a dopamine receptor is in the G protein-coupled receptor class. They are prominent in the vertebrae of the central nervous system. The synthesis of a dopamine receptor is extremely complicated. The subtypes of receptors differ in function and structure during DNA synthesis by the absence or…