Substantia nigra

potential TNT transmission of α-syn between neurons in PD pathogenesis A.SPECIFIC AIMS Parkinson’s disease (PD) is defined on a molecular level as an abnormal level of Lewy-body formation, as well as the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia-nigra in the midbrain . The major protein component found in Lewy-bodies is α-synuclein. This protein is most commonly found in synaptic clefts of neurons in the brain. In familial cases, the excess of these proteins is caused by…

Introduction With each case study, I will explore and analyze the various scenarios and the impact the ailments have on the nervous system. Each scenario has its own effect on areas of neurons, the method of sending and receiving neurotransmitters, and the lasting effects of the impaired neurons. Case Study 1: Amy Amy burns her finger while cooking dinner. The natural response for someone that touches something hot is to pull their hand away from the heat. This response is provoked by general…

One of the many diseases caused by faulty cell-to-cell communication is Alzheimer’s disease. This disease causes many cells in the brain to die. Therefore, as more and more of the cells die, it causes the brain to shrink. What causes the brain cells to die, which then causes the brain to contract, is the unusual twist of the protein called tau. Tau is a protein in the brain that delivers nutrients and other important elements to the brain cells. The effect of the twisted protein inhibits the…

Pedunculopontine nucleus (Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is considered one of the key elements of the reticular activating system (RAS)[1]. It is located in the mesencephalic tegmentum just caudal to the red nucleus and dorsal to the substantia nigra; Laterally it is surrounded by the medial lemniscus and medially by fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle[2]. PPTN has a cluster of cells that exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of their neurochemical nature, their discharge…

History Parkinson disease was coined by James Parkinson, an English apothecary surgeon, political an activist, paleontologist and geologist in 1817. He described the disease as a shaking palsy that involves resting tremor, diminished muscles strength, paralysis, unusual posture and gait, and how it progresses overtime. Sixty years later, Jean Martin Charcot, a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology, also the founder of modern neurology. He clearly defined the disease as a slow…

In this essay will be discussing the Parkinson disease and its pathophysiology, the sign and symptoms, general and the experimental treatment, psychosocial implications, the progression and prognosis and how the nurses can help the patient to accept and live with their disease. Parkinson disease is the second most-prevalent neurological disorders of the brain, which affect 2 percent of the population over the age 65 and it, can be develop in younger adults but not often seen in children. It’s…

A 40-year-old male is brought to the clinic by his wife with the complaint of behavioral changes for the past few months. He is irritable and gets angry on trivial matters. Sometimes he screams in the middle of the night and remains restless. His wife has recently noticed that he is forgetting things and repeats the same question multiple times. For the past few weeks, he is also having abnormal movements of his body, more prominent in the arms and hands. Past medical history is unremarkable.…

extrapyramidal system. It specifically entails a dysfunctional Basal Ganglia and nigrostriatal pathway.10 This system maintains upright body posture, coordination and muscle tone. It also regulates facial movement, expression and swallowing. Substantia nigra is a nucleus of the midbrain that produces one of the amine transmitters,…

Parkinson disease is commonly described as a progressive, neurodegenerative disease. It was first described in detail by James Parkinson in 1817. In his writing, “The Essay on the Shaking Palsy” he discusses signs of the disease that are still categorically descriptive of it today. Though not the first observation of the shaking palsy, his essay brought a lot of insight to the medical and scientific communities about this terrible, debilitating and incurable disease. Parkinson disease has…

Andrew Roberson Professor Rachael Cobb SPC-205-010 3/16/15 Speech Topic: Parkinson’s disease General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the prognosis of Parkinson’s disease Central Idea: Parkinson’s disease progresses through 5 stages. Visual Aid: P/P Slide 2 (Holland, Moncivaiz) Introduction: What do Pope St. John Paul the Great, the Reverend Billy Graham, former U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, and American boxing legend Muhammad Ali all have in common? The…