Striatum

Parkinson disease is commonly described as a progressive, neurodegenerative disease. It was first described in detail by James Parkinson in 1817. In his writing, “The Essay on the Shaking Palsy” he discusses signs of the disease that are still categorically descriptive of it today. Though not the first observation of the shaking palsy, his essay brought a lot of insight to the medical and scientific communities about this terrible, debilitating and incurable disease. Parkinson disease has…

and reward processing (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The dopamine neurons of this system project to the ventral striatum, olfactory tubercle, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The mesostriatal dopamine system has dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain, that project to the dorsal striatum (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The mesostiatal system plays a role in motor coordination and movement…

adult’s brain. We may not comprehend things as fast as adults would. There’s a surge of activity in the brain region called the ventral striatum when reality exceeds a person’s expectations. It is a proven fact that the adolescent brain is extra sensitive to reward signals when pay-off for a risk is higher than expected. Brain activity in the ventral striatum is related to the release of dopamine, a nerve-signaling molecule that helps the brain process…

49 with low-dopaminergiс state (14). Finally, the dopaminergic theory was reduced to concept of “a 50 final general way” that is interpreted as influence of various factors, including exogenous ones, on 51 presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission in striatum and that leads to development of the disease 52 (15). It is possible to consider as addition to the dopaminergic theory of schizophrenia recognition of 53 the role of glutamate (NMDA-receptors) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in…

In Robert J. McDonald and Norman M. White’s article, “A Triple Dissociation of Memory Systems,” they explain how the memory system works. The memory system is made of three major region areas of the brain: the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum. The hippocampus region is to gain information about the relationships between stimuli. Stimuli is an action that alerts physiological or psychological activity (freedictionary.com). In learning areas, this relation sip helps lower doubtfulness…

Alcoholism Many people assume that alcoholics have a choice. That they can stop whenever they want to. Alcoholics brains are rewired to need alcohol in there system to process every day. Alcoholism isn’t just a lack of willpower it’s a brain disease that takes over the brain. . Also genetics have been found to increase the chances of becoming an alcoholic. Religion also has some impact on an alcoholic’s life. Alcoholism has been around for a very long time. It’s dated all the way back to 7,000…

Cocaine is a psychoactive drug affects the limbic system of the body, which controls pleasure and motivation. In 1859 Albert Niemann, German Chemist, isolated cocaine from the leaves of the Coca plant which is located in the Andes Mountains of South America. It is the second oldest psychoactive drug and in the Medical field it is classified as a Schedule II Drug; meaning it can be used in a controlled medical setting but it is highly addictive. When cocaine is used as a recreational drug it…

transferred to LMNs through three different routes: the thalamus, the PPN, and the midbrain locomotor region (Lundy-Ekman, 2013, p. 235). In Huntington’s, the specific part of the basal ganglia that degenerates is the striatum, as well as the cerebral cortex. The job of the striatum is to send “inhibitory, GABA-mediated projections on to the ventral pallidum” which then brings the inhibitory output to the nucleus of the thalamus (Paradiso et al., 2008, p. 74). Because of the degeneration in…

When Amy placed her finger on the burner, the general sensory receptors (Ireland, 2012) in her skin sent the message that it was hot. The sensory neuron is responsible for carrying the information. This is an afferent neuron, because it is taking the message to the central nervous system. The message is carried through the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord. Once it reaches the spinal cord, association neurons pass the message to motor neurons. Motor neurons, which are efferent, carry…

The striatum, an important component in the basal ganglia of the brain, is activated when multitaskers work on a task. This part of the brain helps mainly with: voluntary movement, rewarding experiences, habitual activities, and motivation. A small part of the striatum does help with cognitive functions, like motivation, but not enough for the multitaskers to be as successful with deep…