Streptococcus pneumoniae

staining techniques brought about issues because they stained both the tissue and the cells so it was hard to differentiate between the two. Christian Gram is the inventor of the gram stain and found this technique when he was looking at Streptococcus pneumoniae in the lung tissue of people and animals (1). When working with these tissues, he found that this bacterium would take up a specific stain and leave the rest of the tissue decolorized There is an extra step that has been added, which is…

Experimental Design: We will determine the effect of HIV-1 Tat on the antibody type and production in response to influenza vaccine. We chose influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine to differentiate the effects between T cell dependent and T cell independent humoral responses. These are also suggested to individuals who are immunocompromised, especially people infected with HIV-1. For this purpose, C5BL6/J mice will be treated with HIV-1 Tat for one dose a week until 3 weeks. On week 4, all…

“The brain is important in the human body because it allows a person to think, feel and store memories, and it controls and coordinates the body’s actions and reactions,” states the Atlanta Brain and Spine Care. Because of the great importance of the brain, our body has many different parts and way of working to protect it against any harm or damage. The protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called the meninges. The meninges consist of three layers, the dura mater,…

Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus species, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Shewanella putrefaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus etc and anaerobes includes Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus species, Bacteroides species(). R.S. Baylock 2001 studied bacterial…

Meningitis is a bacteria or infection that causes the meninges to swell. Meninges are three membranes that are call; the Dura mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater. These membrane layers are to protect and cover the brain and spinal cord. The meningitis infection or bacteria would seek through the bloodstream to the brain causing inflammation. Meningitis can also occur by ear infection and sinus infection. Meningitis can affect in all different types of ages, but can most commonly affect one certain…

Introduction The Gram stain is a valuable tool to microbiologists in identifying the cell well composition of prokaryotic species. The underlying process revolves around a series of chemical dyes, and their propensity to bind to peptidoglycan polymers in the cell wall. The results allow scientists to infer properties about the outer coating of an organism and is often the first step in identifying an unknown species. For the purpose of our experiment, the results of the Gram stain will be as…

gram-positive bacterial cell walls and gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Structural differences in the bacterial cell walls cause bacteria to be subcategorized into gram-positive and gram-negative. Gram-positive cell walls (e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus…

otitis media is the second most common reason that patients are seen at pediatric offices and one of the most frequent reasons for prescribing antibiotics to children (Roland, 2010). The most common bacteria responsible for ear infections are Streptococcus pneumoniae. Otitis media occurs when the Eustachian tubes are swollen or blocked and fluid is trapped in the middle ear. This blockage happens because of allergies, colds, sinus infections, and cigarette smoke, infected or enlarged adenoids or…

Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide consisting of β(1→ 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units in a linear form. Chitin is insoluble in water and mainly exists in two crystalline (α- and β-) forms. The α-chitin consists of sheets of tightly packed alternating parallel and antiparallel chains (1) and is abundant in the exoskeleton of arthropods, insects, fungi, and yeast cell walls. The chains are arranged in parallel orientation in β-chitin (2), which occurs less…

At this moment, this young boy fits the diagnosis of Normocytic anemia with increased red cell production along with leukopenia. The patient presents with symptoms consistent with severe anemia including of pallor, fatigue, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension. The patient’s new systolic ejection murmur is most likely related to increased semilunar flow due to the anemia. The recent throat infection and subsequent antibiotic treatment are the most probable cause of these symptoms. The…