Stoichiometry

The anti-benzoylecgonine (cocaine) monoclonal antibody [IP3G2] (mouse IgG1, catalog no. GTX44358, lot 821400072, 3.75 mg/ml) was purchased from Gene Tex (Irvine, CA, USA). The second anti-benzoylecgonine monoclonal antibody [IP3G2] (mouse IgG1,catalog no. MAB4029, lot 8H23323, 3.75 mg/ml) was purchased from Acris Antibodies (Herford, Germany). The secondary antibody, a polyclonal anti-mouse IgG from sheep (catalog no. R1256P, lot 21481, 2.2 mg/ml), was obtained from Acris Antibodies (Herford,…

Introduction Copper is an extremely significant element in many ways whether it be biological, environmentally, or even economically, and each of its many forms has unique characteristics that serve many different purposes. In this experiment, chemical reactions were conducted on copper that represented its reactivity in different chemical environments. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to explore the copper cycle through the identification of different reaction types that occurred…

Synthesis of PEG-RAFT agent The synthesis of the macro PEG -RAFT agent, Chain Transfer Agent (CTA), was performed by esterification method. Briefly, RAFT agent (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) and dihydroxyl PEG (2g, 0.5 mmol) were dissolved in 35 mL of DCM in a 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. Then, it was placed in an ice bath (0 ºC); Next, DCC (0.25 g, 1.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.015 g, 0.12 mmol) were added. After 30 min of stirring at 0 °C, the reaction temperature is elevated to room…

Multiferroic composite of 0.2 LNMFO + 0.8 BFO with LNMFO as ferrimagnetic and BFO as ferroelectric phase were prepared by the standard solid state reaction method. To prepare BFO stoichiometric amounts of high purity Bi2O3, and Fe2O3 were weighed and mixed thoroughly in acetone media for 5–6 h. The mixed powder of BFO was calcined at 800 °C in a closed alumina crucible for 4 h and then pre-sintered at 850°C for 4 h. High purity Li2CO3, NiO, MnCO3 and Fe2O3 were mixed in stoichiometric amounts to…

Magnesium (1.5 g) was stirred vigorously, to combat oxidation and pulverize the by-product magnesium sulfate, in a 250 mL round bottom flask for 5 to 10 minutes, then fit with reflux apparatus – including CaCl2 Drying Tube, 125 mL Dropping funnel, Claisen adapter, and thermometer adapter – and add anhydrous ethyl ether (40mL) through the dropping funnel. Bromobenzene (3mL) and Anhydrous Ethyl Ether (15mL) was added to the reaction flask through the dropping funnel dropwise and in halves. Reflux…

Before the start of this experiment, the theoretical yield was calculated. From the results, the limiting reagent is 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. The theoretical yield is determined by referring to the moles of the limiting reagent, which was calculated to be 1.3 g. However, the results obtained (Data Table 1) were greater than the theoretical yield; that is, the actual mass of the product was higher than the theoretical mass. This lead to an abnormally high yield of 320% and an impure product. Though…

The purpose of this experiment was to prepare a benzocaine, by direct Fisher esterification of p-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid as catalyst. Equations Percent Yield= (mass product obtained)/(mass therotical ) X 100 Results Table 1: Percent yield of crude benzocaine, its melting point and comparison with literature value Melting Point Melting Point Range Percent Yield 82.9 °C – 84.5°C 1.6 59.3% Discussion The weight of the final product was 0.086 grams. The…

Content Stoichiometry is the relationship of the masses of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. For a given mass of a substance in a reaction, the mass of any other substance in the reaction can be obtained using the coefficients of the balanced chemical equations and the molar masses of the substances involved. The amounts obtainable from a balanced chemical equation are called stoichiometric amounts (Villamar Jr., 2004). As what was said in the introduction, the first topic that…

problems (2015). Stoichiometry is one of the most crucial and fundamental techniques in chemistry because of its real-life applications in chemistry as well as research. Stoichiometry allows chemists to make predictions about the outcomes of chemical reactions. Producing useful predictions is one of the main goals of chemistry since it provides the chemists with the ability to explain phenomena that happen in the natural world. Stoichiometry is the heart of chemistry since without stoichiometry,…

Though stoichiometry seems to be challenging, it can make a person feel accomplished when doing it correctly because the process can fulfill a big part of chemistry. People should take the time to understand stoichiometry so they too can feel that achievement. The stoichiometric process is relevant both in and out side of a science lab, for example; cooking. If you were scarce of a specific ingredient that is needed to complete your task you can apply stoichiometry to figure out how much of…