Stoichiometry

Introduction Kidney stones, or Nephrolithiasis, is a very common health problem that has been increasingly affecting a higher number of Americans each year. (4) Kidney stones are small and hard deposits that are most commonly made up of mineral and acid compounds and vary in the size and shape of the stone. Kidney stones are four times more likely to occur in men than women, explained by a theory that female hormones can prevent stones, as well as in people of older age and those with…

Introduction Determining the concentrations of proteins is necessary for a variety of different reasons. For example, protein concentration must be known in order for proteins to be used in enzyme reactions, as the correct stoichiometry must be known. Another example is protein purification; during protein purification the quantity of protein present must be known to determine the yield1. The quantification of proteins is determined by methods known as protein assays. There are different…

Junior year was an exciting year. I was no longer a baby under classman, and I had finally graduated into being an upper classman. Softball had a different feeling this year. I still loved playing and my teammates, but some of my teammates did not. Most of the ones that were ready for the season to be over were seniors. This meant the juniors really had to step it up. We never truly came together as one unit. We still had a winning season, and even hosted the region tournament. Region tournament…

mixtures, results in poor particle packing and reduces strength. As testing both binary and ternary systems, the optimal binder composition for strength was observed with mixture of 60/40 MgO/SF ratio instead of 40/60 MgO/SF ratio as required by stoichiometry for chemical reactions to form M-S-H gel. The optimal binder composition, therefore, is dependent not only on the MgO/SiO2 ratio for maximum formation of M-S-H gel, but also the MgO/SiO2 ratio for maximum packing density characterized by…

New method of synthesis of oligoetherols with carbazole ring Renata Lubczak Abstract: The new method of synthesis of multifuntional oligoetherols with carbazole ring suitable for obtaining the polyurethane foams of enhanced thermal resistance was presented. At the first step of the synthesis the carbazole was reacted with excess glycidol to obtain the product of (n +1) functionality, where n is number of equivalents of glycidol reacted with carbazole. Carbazole reacts with glycidol without…

Regeneration of enzymatic cofactors is the most limiting technical challenge of employing biochemical synthetic reactions for industrial chemical manufacturing. Consequently, requirement and the high cost of these cofactors has limited, isolated biocatalysts for production of fine chemicals. We strived to engineer a drop-in, cofactor regeneration technology, circumventing limited use of isolated biocatalyst for consumer chemicals. Presented here is a biologically engineered artificial organelle…

CHML 1046 General Chemistry 2 Laboratory Experiment “The Rate Law of an Iodine Clock Reaction” Objectives: To apply method of initial rates for investigation of influence of concentrations of reactants on the rate of the reaction. Determine the rate law of a particular reaction experimentally. Observe the effect of catalyst on the reaction rate. Examine the influence of temperature on the rate of this reaction. Calculate activation energy for the reaction from rate constants at two…

We planned on making a five-gram sample for both calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate. Stoichiometry was necessary to determine the amount of reactants needed for the kidney stones. Calcium phosphate had a balanced equation of Ca (NO3) 2 (aq) + NaPO4 (aq) ⇌ Ca3 (PO4) 2 (s) + 2 Na (NO3) (aq). The balanced equation of calcium oxalate was Ca (NO3)…

Kidney stones are made from mineral and acid salts (Mayo Clinic). Kidney stones are often formed in our kidneys, usually because of urine becomes highly concentrated, which allow the minerals and salts to stick together and form the stone (Mayo Clinic. The picture below from the New York Times, shows where kidney stones are usually formed, in the major calyces, where they then travel down the ureter, where it usually becomes painful (NYT). There are several objectives to this experiment:…

with an average maximum NAD+ photoreduction rate of 354.85 38.71 (mean S.E.) nmol min-1 mg CMI-1(Fig. 3,A). Comparing the production rates of H+ to NADH, it is possible to calculate the coupling efficiency of the two enzymes using the reaction stoichiometry of 5H+ to produce a one NADH molecule. During the reaction PSII produces H+ at 4.36 0.79 nmol min-1 (16), whereas CMI is responsible for their consumption at -1.77 0.19 nmol min-1 yielding a coupling efficiency of 38.32% 10.80%. We…