Startle reaction

1.0. Synopsis The objective of this experiment is to use the gravimetric method to determine the concentration of sulfate. Gravimetric analysis is a method used to determine the mass or concentration of a substance by measuring a change in mass. To determine the concentration of the sulfate, the precipitation of Barium sulfate is done first by adding the sulfate solution with hydrochloric acid, then heating while stirring it. Next is the washing and filtration of the Barium Sulfate precipitate,…

2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Preparation of econazole nitrate nanoparticles The econazole nanoparticles were prepared by nano-spray drying technique. Weighed amounts of econazole nitrate, carriers and stabilizers (table 1) were dissolved in ethanol (10 ml) followed by spraying through the Buchi® nano-spray dryer B-90 (Büchi Labortechnik, Switzerland). The nano-spray dryer was operated using inert loop B-295 system (Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) operated using nitrogen gas with flow rate of…

selective oxidizing agent. This reaction is an oxidation reaction. The reaction involves the removal hydrogens and sometimes the addition of oxygen. 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol will undergo an oxidation reaction to produce an unknown product (Scheme 1). (1) Scheme 1. 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol undergoes a reaction with sodium hypochlorite and glacial acetic acid to produce an unknown product. There are three possible outcomes when 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol undergoes the oxidation reaction (Scheme 2,…

4-triazole derivatives by reaction of oximeswith hydrazonoyl hydrochlorides in the presence ofbase triethylamine to get the desired 1, 3, 5-trisubstituted 1, 2, 4-triazoles in good amount. This reaction was capable for the substrates like aliphatic cyclic aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic oxime. Y. Jiang et al [10] prepared 1- mono substituted aryl 1, 2, 3-triazoles (15) in good yields using acetylene from its source calcium carbide. The 1, 3- dipolar cycloaddition reactions were carried out…

compounds, producing an effective oxidizing agent.1 The oxidizing agent can remove an electron from the desired compound for reaction, making it easier to synthesize molecules.1 One example of the utility of photoredox catalysis is the “production of lignan cyclobutanes,” which have many important pharmaceutical uses.2 Photoredox catalysis yields an efficient bond formation reaction.2 Compared to other catalysts, organic photoredox catalysts are a cheap and sustainable alternative.3 Molecules…

Content Stoichiometry is the relationship of the masses of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. For a given mass of a substance in a reaction, the mass of any other substance in the reaction can be obtained using the coefficients of the balanced chemical equations and the molar masses of the substances involved. The amounts obtainable from a balanced chemical equation are called stoichiometric amounts (Villamar Jr., 2004). As what was said in the introduction, the first topic that…

the enzyme catalyzed biological reactions are reversible in nature. However, an enzyme may prefer to catalyze the reaction more efficiently in one direction over the other under given physiological concentrations of substrate or product (substrate in the reverse direction). An enzyme favouring a virtual unidirectional catalysis of an overall reversible reaction can’t escape the laws of thermodynamics. As a catalyst doesn’t change the equilibrium constant of a reaction but only modifies the…

Acid base balance is a part of homeostasis for maintaining the pH of the body. It is necessary for the functioning of enzymes and structural integrity of proteins. In case of an unacceptably large variation in the pH of the body, the enzymes lose their normal function, the proteins get denatured, and in extreme cases, death might result. The normal pH of human blood is 7.4, the acceptable range being 7.35-7.45. In the…

The purpose of the experiment was to observe limiting reactants by using a fixed amount of one reagent along with a varying the amount of the second reagent used in a chemical reaction. Through these results, the concept of limiting reactants can be determined. Using a graph to demonstrate the relation between the volumes of hydrogen gas produced versus the moles of the reagents will help figure out the stoichiometric balance required. The success of the experiment will be determined by the…

economy, the human body, and the environment, copper has been studied and manipulated to explore its uses and properties. In the experiment performed, the copper cycle was observed by placing copper through a series of chemical reactions to demonstrate the different reaction types. Materials and Methods To begin the experiment, a 50 mL beaker was placed on a hot plate with a ring stand along with a fume hood made out of a funnel, rubber tubing, and an aspirator. Before advancing through the…