Spindle

with severe mitochondrial disease to avoid passing the condition on to their children. There have been two related techniques developed by scientists at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research in Newcastle (United Kingdom). Maternal spindle transfer involves removing the nucleus of an egg with faulty mitochondria from a woman with mitochondrial disease and transferring it into a donated egg whose nucleus has been removed and discarded. In contrast, pro-nuclear transfer occurs after…

only in these species which exhibit high levels of social interaction. These altruistic species have evolved spindle neurons which scientists believe are a crucial component of empathetic behavior in large-brained species (Hunter 2010). Great apes, cetaceans, and elephants are also the only non-human animals in which spindle neurons are found (Hunter 2010). Research indicates that these spindles neurons are possibly an adaptation in larger brains which facilitate quick information process and…

Vinorelbine also known as Navelbine® is an anti-cancer chemotherapy drug. It belongs to a class of chemotherapy drugs called vinca-alkaloids; which can be categorised as spindle poisons1. Vinorelbine and Vindesine are semi-synthetic derivatives from the first generation of vinca-alkaloids; Vinblastine and Vincristine2. These original vinca-alkaloids were derived from dried leaves of the Madagascan periwinkle (vinca rosea) plant1. Madagascar periwinkle is also used in the treatment for diabetes,…

In discussions of animal testing, one controversial issue has been whether animals can feel emotions as humans do, and furthermore, if they can then is the use of animals in research morally wrong? On the one hand, scientists that use animals as test subjects, such as Helosia Sabin and her late husband, argue that it is crucial for any medical progress because much testing is required before releasing a new drug into the public. On the other hand, people like Peggy Carlson, a scientist herself…

Muscular injuries are one of the leading injuries faced by amateur and elite athletes today (Dadebo, White, & George, 2004; Mayo, Seijas, & Alvarez, 2014; Woods, Bishop, & Jones, 2007). Before athletes even step on to the field, the court, the stage, or in front of the crowd, they have already been in the game mind set for the last hour going through their pregame routine. Pregame routines vary greatly, but almost all contain some combination of sport appropriate warm-ups and stretches. Warming…

Reels play an important role in an extreme angler's life. A high-end reel may make a huge difference between bagging a worthy catch and losing it during a tug of war. This being said, the best reels should be your only option when travelling on a fishing activity. Below are some of the best reels on the market but first, here are some of the qualities of the best reel. First, it should be compatible with the line you intend on utilizing with it. The more delicate the line is, the more compact…

Body Planes, Regions, Cavities, and Directional Terms The fundamentals of learning the body in the medical field are body planes, regions, cavities, and directional terms. First up are the body planes, which the definition of a body plane is simply a two-dimensional surface. The dimensions of the body plane are both of length and of width and the body planes are used to describe the different locations that are located in the body or are just used for the point of location. There are three…

main reasons for the difficulty are the two proteins that are essential to the cell division aspects. The spindle proteins in primate eggs are located very close to the chromosomes. Consequently, the removal of the egg’s nucleus to make room for the donor cell 's nucleus also removes the spindle proteins, which interferes with the process of cell division. In other mammal cells, the spindle proteins are spread throughout the cells allowing for the removal of the nucleus without having any effect…

action of the relevant muscles. Golgi tendon organs are at the junction of the tendons and muscle fibers. They sense change in muscle tension. It is a proprioceptive sensory receptor. They are involved in the cerebral regulation of movement. Muscle spindles convey the length information to the CNS with the help of sensory neurons. This…

They are targets for chemotherapeutics involved with cancer which suppress the mitotic spindles causing mitotic arrest and eventually cell death. In multiple cancers, changes in microtubule stability, isotype expression, and post-translational modifications have been reported. These changes are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and…