Spinal nerve

Electrical stimulation: Eight self-adhesive 7x13 cm oval carbon electrodes were adhered to the skin over the quadriceps and hamstring muscles (four electrodes per leg). These muscles were selected because of their ease of access, clinical importance, and large size, which we reasoned would yield the greatest potential for altering energy expenditure. The distal margin of the distal quadriceps electrode was placed over the distal-most palpable border of the vastus lateralis. The proximal…

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disease that targets the neuromuscular junction resulting in impaired impulse transmission and skeletal muscle weakness. The muscular weakness may exacerbate during periods of activity while improving after periods of rest, occurring with various severities. Muscles that control the eyes, eyelids, facial expression, swallowing, and talking can also be affected. Symptoms are presented as drooping of the eyelids, called ptosis, blurred or double vision,…

Introduction: Planarians are free-living aquatic flatworms that posses remarkable regeneration abilities in addition to its distinct negative phototaxis behavior. A wealth of research studies has thoroughly examined its photophobic behavior under different wave frequencies and light conditions. Planarian are highly sensitive to white light and wavelengths of high frequencies, blue-green range ( Paskin TR, 2014). Two basic pigment-cup eyes situated in the head region govern its photophobic…

of the ligament allows for the gel like substance or nucleus pulposus to exit the disc. Both conditions can create pressure on the corresponding spinal nerves or even on the spinal cord which leads to neurological symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness throughout the area serviced by the corresponding spinal nerve or area of the spinal cord”(Ashby). This can cause many problems for the patient's spine. Chiropractors can treat the symptoms by “ adjusting the corresponding…

that the paralysis arose from the nerve sheath becoming thickened and compressed in stylomastoid foramen. The cold hypothesis, or paralysis e frigore, maintained that exposure to draughts produced the palsy. Exposure to cold or drafts considered as the primary cause of Bell's palsy. Cobb and Coggeshall38 hypothesized:-Edema of a nerve trunk may interrupt passage of the nerve impulses along axons, especially if the oedema happens to be a point at which the nerve is passing through a bony canal…

facial pain. TN is defined by the International Headache Society (IHS) as “unilateral disorder characterized by brief electric shock-like pains, abrupt in onset and termination, and limited to the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve (Oberman, 2010). It is also known as “Tic Doloureux”. The exact cause of TN is still unclear, but the pain is triggered by several factors, such as eating, washing, shaving, cold, warmth, and draught (Van Kleef et al., 2009). According to…

Optic Neuritis is a condition where the optic nerve, which carries visual information from the eye to the brain, becomes inflamed. Most of the damage is done to the protective myelin sheath that surrounds the nerve, which is vital for good vision. A few symptoms that occur to people who have Optic Neuritis are: distorted color vision, blurriness, pain, and even vision loss. During a routine eye exam, a doctor will look for signs of Optic Neuritis by checking the eye pressure. The eye will be…

between the brain and spinal cord to the other areas of the body. Neuropathy can be caused by damage to the axons or the myelin sheath that provides a protective coating and a form of insulation to the axon. If the connections between the main brain and spinal cord are severed, there are certain symptoms that occur including miscommunication between muscles and the neurons that react to the certain stimulus. The word neuropathy is defined as nerve damage and thus the nerves that could be…

System (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord, whereas, the PNS consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. The PNS connects the rest of the body to the CNS. The PNS are grouped into two categories, sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves. Sensory nerves convey information from receptors to the CNS. Motor nerves convey information from the CNS to the muscles and the rest of the body. The motor (efferent) nerves are further divided into two; somatic…

The normality of a spinal cord is to have functional spinal nerves, strong protective connective tissue and vertebras. Certain diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) will have an impact with the spinal structure and its functions. Part of the central nervous system (CNS), the spinal cord help assist the brain to carry out every day routines. The spinal cord is significant structure in the body that is 45 centimeters in length. The spinal cord is part of a…