Sphincter

Pathogenic Mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease The pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease is complex, involving several neurotransmitter systems and pathophysiologic process. The three hall marks of Alzheimer’s disease are the presence of neuritic (senile) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid angiopathy (Grossman & Porth, 2014). The neuritic plaques are patches or flat areas composed of clusters of degenerating nerve terminals arranged around a central amyloid core. The amyloid core has…

coordination, improved balance recovery, better locomotion skills: walking or moving on a wheelchair, improved communication skills: speaking, speech comprehension, writing, reading, improved hand functions, better control over the anal and urethral sphincter. This emphasises the role of reducing and eliminating dysfunctions of the locomotor system. (Dunaj, et…

Barrett’s esophagus is a complication in the esophagus from a reflux disease predisposing patients to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a tumor in the esophagus that has increased up more than 7-fold over the past few decades. Since there has been such a significant increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma, the topic of endoscopic screening and surveillance for GERD and Barrett’s esophagus is being heavily debated. Barrett’s esophagus is a result of chronic gastro-esophageal…

Spina bifida is a neural tube defect in which parts of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and meninges) do not properly form during embryonic development. It can affect both motor and sensory functions, due to injured spinal nerves. There are four types of spina bifida, ranging from benign to severe. The first type is occulta. It is the most common type and is due to a malformation of one or more vertebrae. It is not a severe type of spina bifida and usually doesn’t cause any…

1. Point A is considered the S1 area of the graph. At this point in the graph is where the sound “lubb” is heard. At this point is when the AV closes and the semilunar valve closes. 2. Point D is at the S2 area. This is where the “dub” sound is made. This is the beginning of ventricular filling where the AV valves open. 3. At the end of the atrial systole, the ventricles have a maximum amount of blood that each can carry. The quantity of this is known as the end- diastolic volume. 4. In S2 is…

C0MPARING AND CONTRASTING OPIATE ANALGESICS, TRAMADOL AND MORPHINE BMS291 An opioid is defined as “A drug that contains opium, opium derivatives or synthetic drugs that have an opium-like effect.” (Harris, 2010) Morphine is a prototype opioid that is used to treat patients with moderate to severe pain usually associated with postoperative pain or neoplastic disease. (Tiziani, 2010) Morphine produces pharmacological actions such as pain relief, by acting on receptors located on neural cell…

misc Which of you is the pot, and which is the kettle? //He 's less of a kettle, and more of a little teapot Some character screws up, or the speaker is threatening pain to someone, etc: “I don 't know. It 's never been done before. We 're breaking entirely new ground, here. It 's rather exciting.” //e.g. You 're in for a whole new world of pain. We are like two intrepid explorers; you, the well-meaning but unintentionally racist [/repugnant] explorer, me, the friendly native guide. [leading…

Comedies often provide laughter and entertainment while presenting social, political, philosophical, and theological ideas and problems. Within the comedy genre, satire presents itself in a form of sarcasm, irony and humor. It is the combination of entertainment and critique to criticize the ignorance of a person or society. It has a few elements: entertainment and critical reflection to awaken the audience and to address issues and questions. It does not seek to do harm, but it seeks the truth…

Lung transplantation is a complex surgical procedure that a diseased lung is removed and replaced with a donor lung through anastomosis. In context of transplantation, a patient will receive either a single or bilateral lung transplant from a deceased donor. The current concern for lung transplantation is the shortage of lungs donor. Fortunately, some cases could be relieved by receiving donation from living donors. This procedure involved the removal of one lower lobes of lungs each from two…

Environmental Bridges and Nicotine Marissa L. Ciluffo University of North Alabama Abstract Nicotine is an addictive parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is found in products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and snuff. When someone consumes nicotine, either through smoking, inhaling, or chewing, specific neurotransmitter actions take place within the body and brain. Acetylcholine is replaced by nicotinic receptors, in the neurons, causing the membrane to become…