Sphincter

and nerves making it the most sensitive part of the body. The anterior part of the uvea is the pigmented iris (color of the eye) in the center of the iris is the pupil. Posterior of the iris is the lens, which focuses light. The iris the pupillary sphincter muscles and pupillary dilator muscles change the diameter of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the lens. Around the lens the uvea is the wedged-shaped enlarged ciliary body where the iris attaches. In the ciliary body muscle…

being addressed? When food is swallowed it enters oesophagus – carrying food from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion. Contractions called peristalsis push the food down the oesophagus through a muscular valve called the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) and into the stomach. The digestive juices secreted by the stomach are highly acidic. When the stomach contracts to move the food into the intestine the LES closes tightly in order to prevent these acidic juices from moving back into…

Parkinson's disease is a long-lasting disease that affects all parts of the body. This disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that has no cure, but a lot of symptoms. This disease was first described by a British doctor named James Parkinson’s in 1817 and was first called as shaking palsy. Parkinson’s disease has been around for a very long time and dates to around 5000 B.C. There are different conditions and problems that are like Parkinson’s disease like Essential tremor, Lewy-body…

Abstract There are many different disorders that one may encounter during growth and development. Elimination disorders is a common one often faced during childhood, when a child performs inappropriate elimination of urine or feces. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the diagnosis and treatment of elimination disorders. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, “This group of disorders includes enuresis, the repeated voiding of urine into…

the tissue from being burned by the low pH. The esophagus, a tube that connects the throat to the stomach, does not have that lining, and therefore is in danger of being burned if it comes into contact with the stomach acid. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a strong valve located at the bottom of the esophagus that prevents the acid from escaping the stomach and damaging the esophagus. Sometimes, the LES malfunctions…

Gastrointestinal Alterations As a clinician in is critical to differentiate between gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis. Many of the presenting symptoms may appear similar in nature. However, upon exploration of the historical details, an accurate diagnosis can be concluded. This paper will review the pathophysiology of normal gastric acid stimulation and production and the related alterations that occur with GERD,…

3- Complications of Roux-en-Y Bypass: Table: Incidence and timings of postoperative complications after LRYGB Complication Incidence (%) Timing (early 1 month) GI bleed 1–2 Early Leak 1–2 Early/intermediate Ulcers and GG fistula 4 Late GI obstruction 5 Late but may occur early/intermediate Thromboembolism 0.1–1.3 Early/intermediate Skin complications variable Late Nutritional complications (of some degree) variable Late Metabolic complications…

Choice “C” is the best answer. This patient has findings characteristic of porcelain gallbladder, brought on by recurrent gallstone formation and gallbladder wall irritation (i.e. chronic cholecystitis). As with gallstone disease in general, this condition occurs predominantly in overweight fertile female patients of middle age. It is a complication of chronic cholecystitis identified by imaging. Inflammatory scarring of the wall, combined with dystrophic calcification within the wall…

Employment is a major element of QOL because it affects many other important elements in QOL. Taylor’s unemployment may cause life style consequences such as financial hardship, inadequate recreational opportunities and loss of independence and also found difficulty in maintaining social relationship. Cognitive and communicative impairments after TBI are often common. Cognitive disturbances may disrupt number of elements of cognition including memory, orientation and attention and functioning.…

Preeclampsia and AFLP both represent a substantially critical maternal ailments occurring in the third trimester of pregnancy, emerging for prompt interventions even up to pregnancy termination (11). The fairly favorable maternal outcome of preeclampsia is reversed in case of liver involvement (12). HELLP syndrome is signified as the risky evolution of preeclampsia, titled with (H) for hemolysis, (EL) for elevated liver functions tests, and (LP) for low platelet counts (13). However the…