Spectroscopy

spectrophotometric method is discussed. The spectrophotometry is a method that involve in infrared spectrum and a quantitative measurement of the reflection of a material and it represent as a function of wavelength. Thus the infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is, light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. Infra-red spectrum is usually divided into 3 spectral regions…

p-nitroacetanilide using acetanilide as the starting material. To test for the purity and identification of our desired product, we gathered data from: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Melting Point (MP) range, Infrared (IR) spectrum, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR). TLC plate indicated the formation of our pure product due to the difference in Rf values between starting material and product, 0.83 and 0.72 respectively. IR spectrum…

approximately 10 degrees less than the ideal melting point of 94°C, which could be interpreted as deficiency of purity. The infrared spectroscopy, support this reasoning because shows a peak at 3316.65 cm-1, that appears to be a residues of water. This means that during the drying of the crystals on the Hirsch funnel the procedure failed. We can also see on the infrared spectroscopy, peaks at 1656 cm-1 indicating the double bond between carbon and oxygen. Three peaks appeared between 1449.60…

The purpose of this two-part experiment was to convert an alkene to alkyne. This is difficult to accomplish in one step, thus a multi-step process was used to produce the alkyne. First, bromination of stilbene through the electrophilic addition of bromine to the double bond was performed through an SN2 reaction, as outlined in Figure 3. Pyridinium tribromide, the source of bromine, since elemental bromine is too corrosive and hazardous, was generated in situ (Figure 1). The bromine was added…

Positron emission tomography (PET): is an anatomically based measurement that utilizes small radioactive tracers that are able to identify and determine glucose and metabolic levels within the organs of the body. This type of tomography could be used in a concussion assessment to determine the metabolic activities and glucose levels of the brain, as these levels are important and often become altered following a concussion. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): is an anatomically…

molecules according to specific functional groups (Wen et al. 2009). Furthermore, the analysis of the absorption wavelengths gives information on the molecules interactions with its surrounding moieties (Paschalis, 2009). FTIR (Fourier Transform spectroscopy) spectra offer information on all tissues components (Wen et al. 2009). Human proteins and mineral constituents give intense, structure sensitive to infrared radiation modes (Paschalis, 2009). Figure 1, is an example of Fourier Transform…

Temazepam, commonly known as Restoril, is a sleeping pill that is prescribed to patients. This drug is classified under a type of drugs called benozaphines, which are, “a large group of drugs with sedative and anxiety-reducing properties, which have been found valuable for a large number of uses” (UXL Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances). This class of drugs is used to reduce anxiety and help with insomnia. Since temazepam is classified as a benzodiazepine, I was curious as to what…

Pure Copper Iodide were synthesised and the mass percentage of Copper in purified Copper (I) Iodide sample were determined by applying Beer’s Law in UV-Vis spectroscopy. Absorbance value of Cu-cuprizone solution was measured. Using the absorbance value of 0.3576 , the concentration of the Cu-cuprizone solution were obtained at 0.001389g/L with reference to the graph of the standard solution A to D. The graph of absorbance against concentration of the standard solution A to D shows a linear…

3.7 ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY USING ACETONITRILE:0.05M AMMONIUM ACETATE (33:67) AS MOBILE PHASE 3.7.1 For Plain Drug Estimation Mode Reverse Phase HPLC Column C18 Detector UV Spectrophotometer Mobile Phase 0.05M Ammonium Acetate (pH 4): Acetonitrile Sample Raloxifene Hydrochloride in Methanol HPLC Flow Rate 1 mL/min Injection Volume 20µL Retention Time 4.6 min Λmax 289nm A stock solution of Raloxifene Hydrochloride was…

Esters have a very sweet fruity smell. Esters are commonly used in the preparation of artificial flavors or fragrances. Flavors and fragrances may utilize a single ester or a mixture of esters and other substances to duplicate the odor and flavor of a particular fruit. Naturally occurring esters are found in fruits. An ester is a product of the reaction of an acid (carboxylic acid) and an alcohol (the hydrogen of the acid R-COOH is replaced by an alkyl group R'). Esters mainly result…