Classified as a complex brain disease, SUD is treatable, according to the USA National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) principles of treatment [NIDA, 2008]. Given the aforementioned multiple factors, contributing to the development of SUD, its complex presentation, and associated disease burden; treatment of SUD is rated as significantly challenging. Delivering effective SUD treatment and care requires a comprehensive response, illustrated as core services and interventions delivered, within a…
increasing levels cannabis metabolites leads to paradoxical vomiting seen with long term use6 .Cannabidiol is one of the metabolite which is a partial agonist at CB receptors thus acting as an agonist in lower concentration and antagonist at higher levels 6.Cannabigerol is a metabolite of cannabis which is antagonist of cannabis at the receptors .These metabolites tend to accumulate in chronic users and hence there is latency period before onset of symptoms in THC users6. Studies have…
activity can further validate an altered state of perception in caffeine-exposed bees (Wright et al., 2013). Moreover, while caffeine’s effect on calcium-mediated ryanodine receptors has been elucidated, its interactions with adenosine receptors remain elusive (Mustard, 2014). Caffeine is thought to antagonize adenosine receptors and influence the firing rate of neurons (Mustard, 2014). This can have an impact on the summation of…
which plays a role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. It has been observed that there is approximately a 90% loss of acetylcholine in the brains of people afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease (Boeree, 2009). The α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7- nAChRs) are highly expressed in the hippocampus (Prickaerts et al., 2011). Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is the constant increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission. Research supports the hypothesis that α-7 nAChR…
These receptors are found in the cardiac muscle and their stimulation has a positive inotropic effect (increases the contractility of the heart). It does so without significantly increasing heart rate or affecting peripheral vascular resistance (as it does not activate alpha adrenergic receptors of blood vessels). The result is increased cardiac output via increased stroke volume (Tariq & Aronow, 2015)…
Additionally GLPP-1 receptor agonist treatment has shown reduction in the occurrences of hypoglycemia when chosen as a mode of treatment. Clinical trials were extensively conducted for about 84 weeks. In Comparison with Insulin Glargine, Exenatide QW lowered A1C level significantly…
unfortunately, two thirds of this population are between 12 and 17 years old (Sofuoglu, Sugarman & Carroll, 2010). Marijuana contains an active ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which alters the human central reward pathway by stimulating cannaboid receptors in the place of anandamide, a hormone of the endocannabinoid system, ultimately causing a sense of euphoria, a common attribute of other abused…
My research interests are focused on molecular mechanisms of memory formation during infancy. I’m very interested in exploring how experiences during infancy results in hippocampal long-lasting changes, which influence adult behavior. Traumatic early life experiences can predispose individuals to psychopathologies, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder, addiction, depression and anxiety1-4. Paradoxically, episodic memories formed during infancy are…
This essay illustrates the classification of antagonists according to their characteristics. The classification of antagonists is divided into two main categories, receptor antagonists and non-receptor antagonists. In receptor antagonists, it would be divided into competitive antagonists and non-competitive antagonists. In non-receptor antagonists, divided into chemical antagonists and physiological antagonists. In different categories, there are different examples to support the feature of the…
coming off. Ibogaine acts on almost all receptors in the brain, but primarily the…