Solubility

[Fe(CN)6]3- [30–32] in the presence of H2O2 and pre-synthesis supported on a substrate followed by the entrapment inside the bulk of composite electrodes [33]. In the former procedure that used electrochemical methods, the main disadvantages are lower solubility, difficulty of mass production, and lack of reproducibility. In contrast, using in situ chemical synthesis, PB can be homogenously soluble in common solvents, making a uniform dispersion, thus overcoming the problems of chemical…

INTRODUCTION: Pharmaceutical field is the research and development intensive field. The search for safe and effective drugs continues to be major efforts for all the pharmaceutical industries. There are enormous complexities for discovering and testing new drugs because of the many aspects of safety, efficacy and economics which determines the acceptability of a drug. Nose is one of the delicate organs of the human body, as a result of which nasal drug delivery is challenge for formulator.…

Scientific Background and Long-term Objectives Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable membrane that controls the passage of substances from the bloodstream to the central nervous system (CNS).Poor penetration of the drugs with various compositions across the BBB is evident in the biomedical research. This impacted greatly the pharmaceutical interventions of various neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumours and impairment of the CNS [1].BBB is the main route for the therapeutic…

Similarities As far as similarities go both my respondents said they didn’t want to retire. Both felt they were still capable of working despite their age. Other circumstances greatly influenced their decision. They also said that they didn’t plan for retirement but I think both did, to some extent, but they have varying degrees of preparation. Both my respondents seemed to work a lot of hours prior to retirement. They immediately noticed an increase of time spent with their significant other…

Crude oil is a complex mixture of various organic compounds, comprising of different hydrocarbons and heteroatomic compounds (Simanzhenkov and Idem, 2003). In addition to carbon and hydrogen, petroleum might contain sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen, and metals such as nickel, vanadium, iron, and copper. Crude oil physical and chemical compositions vary with location, depth and age (Rahimi and Gentzis, 2006). Physical composition of crude oil varies from black liquids of high viscosity to…

to increases in amount of drug absorbed into the body. This is called saturable drug absorption, such as Penicillin G and Saquinavir. Additionally, Dissolution can be the cause of dose dependency in the bioavailability for drugs with low aqueous solubility, when given orally in relatively large doses. With a fixed transit time through the gastrointestinal tract, the amount of drug dissolved and hence absorbed is unlikely to increase in proportion to the dose administered. An example are…

Drugs are categorised into the following main groups: Depressants,Opiates and Opioids, stimulants and hallucinogens. Heroin is a depressant and is derived from the opium poppy, putting it in the opiate and opioids group. In the late 1800’s it was considered a less addictive and more affective drug than morphine and was used in treating the symptoms of respiratory discomfort and infection due to its sedative and slowing effects. Not only was it praised amongst the medical personnel at this time,…

DRUG ADMINISTRATION There are four ways of administering a drug which are as follows:  Oral: This is the simplest way to consume a drug. But it is the slowest method of producing the desired effect, since the drug has to pass through more body organs before reaching the brain. Figure i: ORAL DRUG CONSUMPTION  Injection: The fastest way of producing the desired effect is through directly injecting the drug into the bloodstream.  Inhalation: The drug inhalation causes its…

tertiary structure. The interactions that occur between the hydrophobic R groups inside the molecule are very important in holding three dimensional shape. The outwards pointing hydrophilic R groups on the surface are important in maintaining the solubility. In a generic condition referred to as sickle cell anaemia, one amino acid that occurs in the surface of the chain is replaced with a different amino acid. The correct amino acid is polar, however the substitute is non polar. Having a…

Less than one percent of all the water on Earth is drinkable to humans. Considering, then, that the Earth itself is about seventy percent water, even less than one percent is still quite a bit of water to work with; however, it does mean that humans are working with a very limited amount of drinkable water. It is very understandable, then, that contamination of that water should be a cause for concern. It has been found that pharmaceuticals are entering the water as pollutant, and there has been…