Solubility equilibrium

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Extraction using Different Solvents The grounded Ixora coccinea and Beta vulgaris plant samples were extracted using the following solvents: Acetone, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate. The absorbance was noted to select the best choice of solvent for extraction. Inference Acetone, ethanol and methanol showed higher values. But, the dye extracted from acetone and ethanol did not fix to the fabric properly. So, methanol was selected as solvent for…

Abstract In this study equilibrium isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of ciprofloxacin on seven sediments in a batch sorption process were examined. The effects of contact time, initial ciprofloxacin concentration, temperature and ionic strength on the sorption process were studied. The Kd parameter from Linear sorption model was determined by linear regression analysis, while the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) sorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms by…

1-pyrenehexanoic acid was used as the 5-carbon linker and fluorescent component of the target molecule "PYRET-5". This molecule was purchased pure along with the sugar Trehalose, the molecule to which the pyrene was to be attached. Other reactants and solvents include HATU, HBTU, N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), sodium azide, Dimethylformamide (DMF), and Diphenyl phosphoryl chloride and were bought pure or used as received. All reactions were run at room temperature (298.15 K) and standard…

Introduction In this experiment, isopentyl acetate was prepared by the direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol, which is an equilibrium that results in a shift in favor of the product by using one of the starting materials in excess. An esterification reaction is when an acid is converted into an ester by combining with an alcohol and removing a water molecule. Esters are found in numerous natural products, including fruits, flowers, and spices. Carboxyllic esters contribute…

from the distillate. It will then be evaporated leaving behind the pure compound. Reactions: Cinnamaldehyde Chemical Formula: C9H8O Molar mass: 132.16g/mol Appearance: Yellow oil Odor: cinnamon-like Density: 1.0497 g/ml Boiling point: 248 oC Solubility in water: Slightly Soluble Vaporization: (l) (g) Condensation: (g) (l) Extraction: (l) + (l)+ H2O(l) + Na2SO4(s) (s) +Na2SO4ˑ10H¬2O(s) + CH2Cl2(g) Procedure: Reference: Poulos, Zacary J. A Laboratory Manual for the Health…

Silver, lead, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, selenium, and nickel are common impurities existing in copper anodes. Some impurities dissolved from the anodes can precipitate, if their concentrations in the electrolytic solution are above saturation levels. Some of these precipitates can settle down but some are floating slimes and can be a source of cathode contamination by their incorporation into the cathode 16. These floating slimes are amorphous and typically have compositions of Sb-As-O and…

Solution growth deposition This technique consists essentially of inserting the substrate into a solution containing hydrolysable metal compounds and pulling it out at a constant speed into an atmosphere containing water vapour. In this atmosphere, hydrolysis and condensation takes place. Finally the films are hardened by a high temperature cycle to form transparent metal oxides. Any hydrolysable compound including halides or nitrates but preferably metallo-organics are suitable…

That are unstable*degradable in the intestinal or colonic environment, iv. Have low solubility at high*higher pH values. Gastro retentive Dosage Form (GRDF) 5, 6: It is evident*clear-cut from the recent scientific and patient literature that an increased interest in novel dosage forms that are retained in stomach for a prolonged and predictable…

Wang et al. (2015) formulated a solid dispersion to improve the solubility and bioavailability of Ginkgo biloba extract (GE) through hot melt technology. The polymer studied were Kollidon® VA64/Kolliphor® RH40 (85:15) and the extrusion was carried out at 120-125⁰C with 100 RPM with 25% drug load. DSC and XRD studies confirmed the amorphous conversion of the GE and the dissolution carried in 250ml of 0.1N HCl showed that the dissolution of solid dispersion of GE was significantly improved (2-3…

Process Parameters The operating parameters which are within the control of the operator and which influence ECM process capabilities can be described as follows: i. Feed Rate A high feed rate results in higher metal removal rate. It decreases the equilibrium machining gap resulting in improvement of surface finish and tolerance…