Solid

Did you know, if you add salt or ice to anything cold the temperature drops? In my experiment, I wanted to find out if different materials impact the rate of ice melting. Before starting this experiment, I know sugar and salt dissolve in water and sand turns into mud. I predict that the results of this experiment will be that the sugar and salt will make the ice melt at a faster rate than the sand because sugar and salt dissolve in water and sand does not. To complete this experiment I will…

The difference between Oceans with salt, and freshwater lakes with no salt, is that salt water takes longer to boil because of the molecular properties. The salt increases the boiling temperature, which makes the tendency for the water to evaporate is greater than the tendency for the water to remain on a molecular level. When the salt is added, the phenomenon known as “boiling point elevation” occurs. Which, involves the old school chemistry the solute, the solvent, and the solution. Chefs…

Written Exercise Paragraph 1 1. Lattice symmetry of quartz, α-FePO4 and β-FePO4: Quartz has a trigonal lattice structure with space group P3121 (group no. 152). At any temperature below 980K, Iron phosphate exists as α-FePO4, which has a trigonal lattice structure with space group P3121 (group no. 152) where iron, phosphate and oxygen occupy Wyckoff position 3a, 3b and 6c respectively. As the temperature rises up to and above 980K, α-FePO4 exhibits α-β transition and becomes β-FePO4 that shows…

PARAGRAPH 1 Comparing the crystal structure of α-FePO4 & β-FePO4 Firstly, the crystal structures of the alpha and beta Iron Phosphate can be identified from the paper. The lower temperature form, α-FePO4, has the space group P3121, while the higher temperature form β-FePO4, has the space group: P6422. These space groups translates to the lattice symmetry of trigonal and hexagonal respectively. The two space groups are chiral. α-FePO4 is the main form of Iron Phosphate in room temperature since…

Compare and contrast the crystal structures and crystal chemistry of quartz, α-FePO4 and β-FePO4. The structural evolution of FePO4 arises due to the deviation in temperatures from 294K to 1073K via a process known as the neutron powder diffraction. This happens when the temperature of 980K is reached to result in the α to β transition. There are however certain observations of discontinuities in structural parameters during this transition. The stark contrast is that during the α phase, there…

Observation & Calculations for Nanorefrigerant Graph of C.O.P. vs. Nanoparticle Concentration for Nanorefrigerant. C.O.P RESULTS WHEN NANOPARTICLE MIXED IN R134A & POE OIL Figure 5.1. Graph of nanorefrigerant C.O.P vs. nanolubricant C.O.P. 5.2. GRAPH OF PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN THE COP OF THE SYSTEM Figure5.2. Graph of percentage C.O.P of nanorefrigerantvs. nanolubricant. Here the result shows the percentage change in the C.O.P when the air conditioning test rig run on the nanorefrigerant and…

The carbon supported PtFeS catalysts were prepared by a modified polyol method. In brief, 0.3 g carbon (Ketjen-black heat-treated at 2250 °C, SE = 160 m2 g-1) was dispersed in 135 g ethylene glycol. 5.993 g of 8 wt% H2PtCl6 (Umicore; Pt content, 39.8 wt%), 1.874 g of 8 wt% FeCl3. 6H2O (Sigma-Aldrich), and 0.352 g of 8 wt% (NH2)2SC (Sigma-Aldrich) previously mixed in ethylene glycol were added to the dispersion. The pH of the stirred reaction mixture was adjusted to ∼11 using 1 M NaOH dissolved…

The topic for the experiment is how a cold pack can be improved. The problem statement is “Which chemicals would work best at lowering the temperature of water to improve a cold pack?”. The Independent variables are the are three chemicals, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride, that will be added to the water. The dependent variable is the temperature of the water in degrees Fahrenheit after the chemicals are added. The constants are the 50 mL of water in each cup, the…

Ice transforms at a point of degrees. This degree would be 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius. It must be at this degree or lower to transform into ice. If it is higher than the freezing point of water, then it will be a form of water or ice melting into water. The different molecules, or also called the things that make up the ice or water, are more dense in cold water. They become dense and come to each other which makes them tight into an ice cube. When the ice gets warm, it moves the…

Morgan Roberts Mrs. Freeman Honors Chemistry May 18, 2017 What Was the Effect of the Type of Dairy Product Used on the Height of the Ice Cream Formation? Purpose: The purpose of the experiment conducted was to find out how different dairy products used to make ice cream affect how tall of a formation can be shaped out of the ice cream. Background Information: Most people experience the joy of making their own ice cream when they are kids, but what is the science behind it? Homemade ice…