Sodium citrate

Every year during winter months, icy surfaces create a dangerous problem for drivers and pedestrians. Icy roads and sidewalks can become very hazardous for travel. A solution must be implemented to mitigate risks associated with winter travel. This problem is relevant to the experiment since I will be testing different methods of melting ice. The solution resulting from the experiment can be used throughout the world to make our roads safer. The literary reviews for this experiment are from…

Racheal A. Krasner Professor Garfield Beckford CHEM 1211 L 25 September 2015 Lab Report Concerning Acid-Base Titrations The purpose of this experiment was to recognize the procedures for conducting acid-base titrations. Each acid-base titration used one solution to analyze another; it also involved the use of an indicator, which denoted the endpoint of the titration. The indicator used was phenolphthalein; it produced a pink hue when the titrations reached their endpoints – between pH 8 and pH…

Titration is used to determine the equivalence point of a reaction, or the point when the moles of acid are equal to the moles of base in a mixture. Titration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by using an already known solution. This process is important because it is commonly in the medical field. For example, pharmacists use titration in the creation of drugs. In addition, doctors also titration when determining the concentration necessary to give their patients of…

scales Sodium hydroxide Volumetric flask and lid Glass funnel Distilled water Pipette Volumetric pipette/s (5mL, 20mL) Bulb Conical flask Retort Stand Burette Burette clamp White Tile Method Place the plastic tray on the electronic scales and press tare to set the wither to zero; Weigh out 0.7993g of Sodium hydroxide in the plastic tray on electronic scales; Rinse a 200ml Volumetric Flask with distilled water; Rinse a glass funnel with distilled water; Using the funnel add the Sodium…

Title: To what extent does strong and weak acids differ in affecting the course of titrations. Introduction: The real life application that comes from this experiment links to agriculture. In the past decade, industrial dumping has become a controversial topic. Dumping hazardous wastes into river, ocean, and soil has resulted in a dramatic change in pH of the non-renewable resources and leads to a destruction in the ecosystem. Specially in agriculture, crops cannot grow in acidic soil, so it is…

group, discuss and prepare their experiment. On the second lesson, students will have opportunities to carry out the investigation, then record, process, and evaluate their data. Preparing materials In the original experiment, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions have been used as acidic and basic solution, respectively. However, year 9 students might know that hydrochloric acid solution is an acid and…

triprotic acid, with different volumes of sodium hydroxide. Introduction When looking at the coefficient of balanced equations, stoichiometry is seen. Coefficients represent the number of moles, equivalent to the mass of an atom, of the products and reactants. Stoichiometry was demonstrated in this experiment to determine the relationship between the testing agents. A polyprotic acid or base is used because it is able to react with varying molar equivalents of sodium hydroxide. In…

Determining the Chemical Formula of Hydrated Copper (Ⅱ) Sulfate Using the Empirical Formula Introduction In this experiment, the molecular formula of hydrated Copper (Ⅱ) Sulfate will be determined. In order to determine the molecular formula, the empirical formula is needed which is the ratio of moles of one substance to another. In this experiment, it is the ratio of Copper (Ⅱ) Sulfate to water. CuSO₄・XH₂O The empirical formula can be determined if the moles of the compared substances…

ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM FORMATE AND AMMONIUM CHLORIDE INTRODUCTION The objective of this experiment is to examine the definitive characteristics of acids and bases by investigating the characteristics of strong versus weak acids; more specifically, why these differences are important in the process of titrations. In this experiment, there are two titrations performed and measured the pH of one salt solution. This experiment includes a strong acid and strong base…

compound with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) produced no visible reaction (precipitate), although the pH of the resulting solution was very acidic. Combining the unknown compound with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a strong base, also had no visible reaction. However, the resulting solution was a lot more basic. Reacting the unknown compound with sodium nitrate (NaNO3), a salt, did not have a visible reaction nor did the pH of the resulting solution change. The last reaction involved the unknown compound and…