Skull and Bones

Foot Contusion A foot contusion is a deep bruise to the foot. Contusions are the result of a blunt injury to tissues and muscle fibers under the skin. The injury causes bleeding under the skin. The skin overlying the contusion may turn blue, purple, or yellow. Minor injuries will give you a painless contusion, but more severe contusions may stay painful and swollen for a few weeks. CAUSES This condition is usually caused by a blow, trauma, or direct force to your foot, such as a heavy object…

knee is a meeting point for the femur, fibula, tibia, and the patella. In order to maintain its flexibility and function, several other ligaments join the knee joint in order to keep the attaching bones in place. The knee is the joint where the femur and the tibia meet; the patella (kneecap) is made of bone and sits in front of the knee. The knee joint is a synovial joint are enclosed by a ligament capsule and contain fluid called synovial fluid that lubricate the joint. The end of the femur…

Osteoporosis is a condition during which bones become fragile and have a higher chance of breaking. Bone mineral density (BMD) serves as a marker that indicates the balance between formation and resorption of the bone. Osteoporosis manifests when resorption exceeds formation, which subsequently leads to bone loss. The diagnosis is based on Dual energy X-ray absorptimometry (DXA) of the spine and hip BMD, which serves as a gold standard of measurement together with a T-score value. T- score…

There are have been anywhere from 150,000 to 200,000 ACL injuries within a given year reported. Female athlete have a higher injury rate compared to males. In fact, female are 4-8 times more likely to tear their ACL. As many as 70% of ACL injuries are involved in little to no contact with the other player. Why is it that female athlete’s suffer from this injury more than male? The anterior cruciate ligament is located deep in the middle of the knee. It is one for four vital ligaments that helps…

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition of articular cartilage in joints commonly affecting the knees (Sinusas 2012) and slowly develops over many years resulting from mechanical stress (Kisner and Colby 2003). Unfortunately, the risk of developing OA increases with several factors including genetics, increasing age, obesity and female gender (Sinusas 2012). OA causes pain and stiffness in the joints however it is an incurable disease and therefore physiotherapy treatment should focus on…

joint space narrowing. Grade III applies when there is significant arthrosis and architectural changes, with a variable degree of joint space narrowing. Finally, grade IV is reserved for gross articular destruction with extensive loss of subchondral bone. No such radiographic classification systems exist for primary OA or posttraumatic arthritis. However, there are typical radiographic findings for each disease. The radiographic characteristics of osteoarthritis include ulnotrochlear…

Human bones are crucial to aid body movement and stabilize joints. However, the ossification of bones where it shouldn’t be present can cause many difficulties in the body’s ability to perform natural movements. Fibrodysplasia Ossification Progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant disease in which the muscles, ligaments, and tendons progressively transform into bone (Kaplan, Nassau, & Shore, 2014). This formation of new bone forms outside the natural skeleton structure (See…

Open wound is a soft tissue injury in which skin is torn, cut or punctured caused by mechanical factor that damages the skin. It involve external or internal of the body tissue. Most open wounds are minor and can be treated at home. Firstly, there are many sign and symptom of open would which are bleeding excessively, inflammation on the skin, redness, tenderness, swelling, the skin become rough or decreasing the range of motion of the body parts. Secondly, open would is caused by several…

difference!! Bones remodel themselves in a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed by a process called bone reabsorption. A new bone is formed during ossification, or new bone formation. This controls the shaping, and repair of the bone after a fracture or injury. If there is an imbalance in these two processes, this can result in serious bone loss. My 98 year old grandmother has osteoporosis. This is a condition in which the bones are weakened due to a decrease in bone mass. It can…

Discussion: Bridges are affected by both internal and external forces. Internal forces occur within the bridge, through tension, compression, bending, etc. External forces are applied to the outside of the bridge, and can be static or dynamic. The static load of the bridge is the bridge itself, and the weight of its members and components. This is created by the force of gravity pulling on the members of the bridge. The dynamic load moves and changes, such as traffic, people, wind. It is created…