Silver halide

In experiment 2, we observed that the reaction of halogenoalkanes with aqueous alkali and water which contains dissolved silver nitrate. Halogenoalkanes are alkanes which have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I) which are the elements in group 7 in periodic table. Halogenoalkanes have the general formula, RX, whereby R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is any of the halogen atom. Besides, halogenoalkanes…

different and why one is more likely to happen over the other. The OH group in 2-methl-2-butanol is attached to a tertiary Carbon, meaning the reaction should occur via Sn1, a two-step reaction, and Cl should replace the OH group, to form a tertiary halide. HCl was added to 2-methyl-2-butanol and then several extractions were done to purify the product. The percent recovery was calculated to be 77.5% and the IR experimental chart highly resembled the IR chart of 2-methyl-2-butanol; these results…

The goal of this experiment is to synthesize a bromohexane compound from the addition of 1-hexene and HBr(aq) under reflux conditions. The product is then isolated and the regiochemistry is analyzed using chemical tests and known standards (1 Br, 2 Br) in order to determine if Markovnikov’s rule is followed. In general, Alkenes are able to undergo addition reactions due to the strength of their C-C -bond (60-65 kcal/mol) which is lower than the strength of a typical -bond (80-100 kcal/mol)…

Through this wet collodion procedure, Archer was able to overcome the flaws in the Calotype process. In this procedure, the light-sensitive material silver halide was applied to the surface of glass plates, making the resolution much higher. Although, it was a tricky process that took a lot of effort and quickness, as collodion is a sticky material and substantiates in the air. Nevertheless, the effort…

Review of Literature You get solar energy only through direct sunlight. It is the most abundant, pure, non-toxic renewable energy source. There is sunlight every day that shines down on the earth that is 100,000 times greater than the whole world’s power capacity. The sun has always been a potential source of energy, but it wasn’t until the extreme cost rise of conventional energy that people finally took an interest. After more complex ways to use solar energy were discovered, more and more…

Introduction Thesis: Why was photography important during the Civil War. Hook: Photography, meaning “drawing with lights” in Greek, is an art as well science of capturing light and storing it on some medium. Photographs have been used for over a century now for capturing moments of mankind and things around him, although photography dates back to 4th century B.C. But since its use, arguments have fired up to know whether photography can reflect the truth, the reality or instead push us away…

Preparation of the sample The sample must be prepared for testing by: • Dissolving the solution in distilled water • Filtering the dissolved solution • Evaporating the water to increase the concentration Equipment 1 beaker 50ml of distilled water Stirrer 1 Funnel Filter paper 1 crucible 1 Bunsen burner 1 heatproof mat 1 tripod 1 teaspoon of soil sample 1 conical flask 1 Pipeclay triangle Method 1. Place the soil sample in the beaker and add 50ml of distilled water and stir until…

This experiment analyzed the dissolved ions in a certain sample of seawater that was collected all around Galveston Bay and allowed an understanding of the composition of saltwater. The students were separated into four groups, each received a sample of seawater from a different location, such as Buoy 21, Day Mark 1, Pelican Island Cut, and the Coast Guard Station. The main ingredient in saltwater is water. Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom that are covalently bonded…

(Jefferson Lab Web). However, even though this element was found by Arfvedson, William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy were the first people to isolate it (Jefferson Lab Web). Lithium is very abundant, it is a soft silver white alkali metal with the atomic number of three. Lithium is silver and contains no odor (Element Project). In addition to those features, lithium has a total of seven isotopes, two natural and five unnatural. The two natural occurring isotopes are 6Li (7.59%…

Silver nitrate test was used in an additional step to verify the final product of the bromination reaction. TLC was performed on a sheet of glass coated with a thin layer of silica gel. On this layer of adsorbent, known as the stationary phase, the solvent…