empires did not have a national anthem or flag. d. Their empires were too far away from states with new and exciting ideas. e. Their economies were too poor. 28. In Tokugawa Japan, political power rested in the hands of the a. bureaucracy. b. shoguns.* c. emperor. d. peasantry. e. merchants. 29. Who demanded that Japan open its ports for refueling and trade? a. Robert Clive, famous British fighter in India b. Matthew Perry of the United States Navy* c. Cecil Rhodes, rich already…