Shannon index

This study examined the effects of physical factors on diversity in freshwater environments by observing invertebrate diversity in riffles and pools in a freshwater stream. It was hypothesized that differences in invertebrate diversity between riffles and pools would be due to physical factors in the environment. To test this hypothesis, invertebrates were collected from each environment and classified by their taxa, and Shannon-Simpson indices were produced from these data to analyze the differences in diversity between the two environments. It was found that pools have a significantly greater species abundance, while riffles have a significantly greater species evenness. These results can be used to further examine changing abiotic factors,…

total number of individuals of each species in all the quadrats and the total number of quadrats studied. Density was calculated by the equation: Density= (Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats )/(Total number of quadrats studied) Abundance Abundance is the study of individual numbers of different species in the community per unit area. By quadrat method, sampling was made at random at several places and abundance was summed up for all the quadrats upon the total…

In case of evenness index J´ of species, highest value of 1 was found in sample 8 that have similar relative abundance of species or equal number of individuals belong to each species while species evenness was 0 in samples that also have 0 value of Shannon index that indicates less species diversity result in only one or few species dominate. Remaining samples have moderately high species evenness (Figure 1 (c)). As far as Simpson index of diversity is concerned, minimum value was 0 while…

Our results found that populations 1 and 2 had similar means for tail shaft color, throat color, and malar stripe (see Table 1); however, the standard deviation for tail color between population 1 and population 2 greatly differs from the ones found in throat color and malar stripe. For the two populations (populations 3 and 4) on the edge within the hybrid zone, the mean greatly differ for all three traits with an average drop of 1.83 between the two populations for each of the three traits…

The river Shannon is easily the longest river in the British Isles, running through 11 of Ireland’s 32 counties. The river also creates three lakes on it’s path to the Atlantic Ocean, Lough Allen, Lough Ree and Lough Derg. This, interestingly, has made the river a hub for transportation throughout history. In fact, one could argue that the Shannon was one of the main reasons foreigners and invaders were able to spread themselves throughout Ireland. Incredibly, the portion of Ireland around the…

We live in a society that follows the traits that are often old enough for the current situation and we have the kind of nature by which we try to follow what the majority of the population does. Sometime it is the pressure from the mass which lets us to oppose our own judgement of a certain case that we have different perception about. It may not matter what society we live in, as we humans always tend to have similar way of thinking in all aspects of life. In “The Lottery” by Chris Abani, he…

David Shannon has always been an amazing writing and has been writing children’s books for many years. David Shannon has well over 20 books and each of them have their own uniqueness. Shannon is an amazing writer and illustrator. He knows how to draw a reader in and make them want to read the whole book. All of his books range from short books with one or two words on the page to many paragraphs throughout the pages. David knows how to suck the reader in and want to read all of his books. He…

Shannon Noll is a singer/song-writer from Australia. He was born in a rural NSW town called Orange on 16th September 1975, however he spent most of his early life growing up in two towns called Condobolin and Tullibigeal. Shannon Noll or “Nollsy” was the youngest of three boys; Adam, Damian and of course himself. His parents were Neil and Sharron Noll who owned the Noll family farm which was a 4,500-acre lot in Tullibigeal. This farm had a large impact on Nollsy’s life and the outback lifestyle…

The study design of the Evans study was based upon the use of both direct interview and observational study methods. For the direct interview methods, social demographic data, medical variables, employment status, and subjective indicators were obtained via personal interview Interviewers were trained during a three-day training session to ensure uniform interview processes. Completed interviews were obtained from 90% of eligible patients (Evans et al, 1985). The responses to these interview…

(2005) developed walkability index (WI) to measure the characteristics of the physical environment that contribute to walkable neighbourhood design. Leslie et al. (2007) adapted the WI to Australia. WI for these studies contains four main data components. The first component is residential density which is the number of residential units per particular areal unit within a neighbourhood. A high residential density value shows that more people live in the area. The second data component of the…