Sextus Empiricus

In Metaphysics A, Aristotle explains that there are two forms of knowledge: ἡ μὲν ἐμπειρία τῶν καθ’ ἕκαστόν ἐστι γνῶσις ἡ δὲ τέχνη τῶν καθόλου, “experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals”. Although he does state that experience is a form of knowledge, he goes on to argue that art, τέχνη, consists of a higher form of knowledge, as men of art have knowledge of the causes, and therefore the theory behind why something is the way it is. Moreover, he presents his theory that this…

The Traditional Understanding Although a key issue in contemporary times, relativism dates back to the beginnings of Western philosophy. As Baghramian (2015) notes, the earliest documented source on relativism can be traced back to Plato’s account of the Sophist Philosopher Protagoras of Abdera (490-420BC) who, during a period of increased contact between people of different cultures in ancient Athens, claimed that “Man is the measure of all things; of the things that are, that they are; and of…

If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quakes like a duck, then it probably is a duck . Inductive reasoning is defined as “the reasoning which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion ”. It is not rare that we use inductive reasoning in our daily lives, we predict the future events based on past experiences. For example if a lady goes to an Italian restaurant every Monday for lunch, the next Monday at lunch time, you will probably expect to see her…