Serotonin

Exercise: The Value of Exercise in Treating Depression Anxiety and depression are the two leading types of reported mental health illness in the United States. They are two sides of the same insidious coin, and affect around 40 million people each year, or 18% of the population. (ADAA) The advent of anti-depressant drugs has created a multi-billion dollar industry that argues medication is the most effective treatment for patients. And while antidepressants are an important option to have…

Mental illness is becoming one of the biggest health issues in American society today. One in five people you encounter has some form of mental illness whether they like to admit it or not. A lot of people with mental illness don’t get the help they need because they’re embarrassed and feel shameful of their illness. I was one of those people for the longest time. I’ve dealt with both anxiety and depression at different times in my life. I’ve been to intense therapy and currently take Paxil for…

Ketamine an anesthetic known for being a drug club, for recreational uses, but it has a new off-label use, as an antidepressant. Ketamine currently lacks approval from the FDA, but some psychiatrist are trying ketamine to help their patients who suffer from extreme depression. Often the patients do not have any other options to treat depression, often, traditional antidepressants are unable to assist in the relief of depression. Ketamine now offers patients with hope with treating depression.…

Depression should be treated with antidepressants due to various ethical reasons that help basic mental and physical health. Depression is a serious mood disorder that enables one to easily feel sad, upset, and stressed out. Since depression is common today, more people rely on different types of treatment such as medications and drugs. “The World Health Organization reports that depression is the second leading cause of disability worldwide and, by 2020, is estimated to be the leading cause of…

OBSERVATIONS: The client presented with normal grooming and hygiene. The client presented in a euthymic mood aeb calm demeanor. The client read the handout about how mindfulness is the ability to take control of your mind instead of having your mind controls you. The client shared her own experiences with mindfulness stating "I used to use it before, but I cannot do it now because every time I try to focus in present, I find myself thinking about the past and the negative thoughts especially the…

A strength of the biological model is that it is empirical Experiments used are measurable objective and can be replicated to provide reliable evidence, the person carrying out the experiments also has control over the variables. Another strength is that it is deterministic it provides an explanation for the cause of a behaviour or symptom increasing the likelihood of effective treatment. A weakness of the biological model is that it focuses only on the physical causes and takes no account of…

a) Medial prefrontal cortex: the mPFC is divided into three subregions, which have differential control over HPA axis. The prelimbic (PrL) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) provides negative feedback to HPA axis and thereby reduces the stress-induced activation of HPA axis. The PrL and ACC reduces the duration of secretion without altering the peak of secretions and thus help in response termination. The lesion of mPFC consisting prelimbic cortex have known to produced enhanced cfos expression…

Log concentration-response curve to carbachol in the absence or presence of a series of concentrations of antagonist were showed on Figure 1. The log concentration-response curve has a characteristic sigmoidal shape. The addition of higher concentration of antagonist into the organ bath made the curves gradually shift to the right in a nearly parallel manner (Fig 1). The higher concentration of Atropine, the more its curve moved to the right of the graph. However, these effects of antagonist did…

In the evaluation of serotonin toxicity or serotonin syndrome, the most commonly used and more recent criteria is the Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria. In comparison to its predecessor, Sternbach’s criteria, Hunter’s Criteria is used due to its simplicity, sensitivity and specificity, and the use of well-defined clinical manifestations including clonus, tremor, and hyperthermia. This report describes a case of serotonin toxicity triggered by an increasing dose of tramadol with concurrent…

the lack of thorough knowledge regarding the complexities of the human brain. However, the monoamine theory, hypothesizes that a predisposition to depression can occur in individuals whose serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine have been depleted (Bunney & Davis 1965; Delgado 2000; Hirschfield 2000) Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are neurotransmitters responsible for regulating mood, focus and motivation by carrying chemical signals from one part of the brain to another, however, in…