Serotonin

The second issue raised by several reports is that TRAM causes “serotonin toxicity”. A review of one such U.S. based primary study18 that reported a single case of serotonin toxicity after TRAM was used revealed that, TRAM was co-administered with other drugs (i.e., venlafaxine and mirtazapine)18. The study performed a causality assessment and reported that, serotonin syndrome was observed after adding Tramadol to the existing medication regime (of venlafaxine and mirtazapine). Based on the…

Chronic depression, also referred to as dysthymia or chronic depression is a mood disorder. Chronic depression is defined any feelings of hopelessness and unhappiness that persists for more than two weeks, and it is different from psychotic depression. With psychotic depression, the illness is accompanied by some form of psychosis, such as delusions, detachment from reality, and hallucinations. In addition to emotional disturbances, chronic depression is also like to sensory disturbances, such…

This means that the serotonin levels are the main part in major depression and it is important to keep the levels stable with norepinephrine in order not to have depression or mania. If an individual has low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, they would be depressed. However, if they have low levels of serotonin and high levels of norepinephrine, they would have a serious mental illness as they may have bipolar…

Neurotransmitters dysfunction Noradrenaline and depression- Noradrenaline, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone which is released by the adrenal medulla and by the sympathetic nerves; a functional group of neurotransmitter. Also it is used as a drug to raise blood pressure. Noradrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands, which is in charge of releasing stress hormones. When this hormone is secreted it raises blood pressure and the blood sugar in the body. This energy is secreted to the…

follow-up visit, where she indicate if her symptoms have either resolved or improved. To monitor for toxicity, I would want to look for symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome occurs due to serotonergic drug use and excitability of peripheral and central postsynaptic 5HT-1A and 5Ht-2A receptors (Volpi-Abadie, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). Serotonin syndrome symptoms can occur approximately 24 hours after a dosage increase, adding a serotonergic agent and overdose (Volpi-Abadie et al.,…

et al., 2011), smoking may also cause depression, via nicotine withdrawal. There are several neurological pathways that depression and nicotine are associated with, such as hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin related pathways. Nicotine withdrawal affecting these shared pathways may be one potential cause of depression. Nicotine might be a potential cause of depression since mice can start to exhibit anxiety and depression symptoms, in addition to…

Probably for your whole life you have been taught that drugs are awful for your health they can destroy your brain and your body, which is true for most drugs and even some prescription drugs. But what if i were to tell you that some of these so called dangerous drugs are not as dangerous as you have been told but they also can have psychological benefits. The main hallucinogens i will be talking about include Psilocybin mushrooms, LSD-25. Hallucinogenic drugs have psychological benefits in…

neurotransmitter serotonin is believed to be a factor with individuals with low mood, aggression, and substance abuse. Thus it is likely that ASPD and substance abuse could be the result of serotonin excitation or inhibition. A study was done with group of men with ASPD and substance abuse disorder according to DSM-111-R. They were compared to a healthy male control group. The were given a “serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine ( m-CPP), and prolactin (Moss 1990). The study suggests that…

example, if we feel fear we are able to react to the oncoming danger. Chemicals dictate most of what we do and is how the brain communicates with itself, and is very complex, but in the case of emotions we will focus on a couple of main chemicals like serotonin and dopamine. First we will do a brief overview of how these neurotransmitters work and then we will look into the composure of…

According to Webster Dictionary, ecstasy is defined as “an illegal drug that is used to produce a feeling of excitement and pleasure” Ecstasy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2016, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecstasy. As with all drugs, ecstasy was produced to treat one symptom and evolved to affect another part of the brain. This research will address: what is ecstasy, how does ecstasy work, the short and long-term effects from using ecstasy, users of the drug, and prevention…