Serotonin transporter

When I was a little, my mother made sure I was involved in sports. Although I’m a girl, she wanted me to focus only on sports, rather than learn how to walk in heals, which I still struggle with today. Tennis was the first sport I joined at the age of five, but that was not enough. As I began training for tennis tournaments, my coach decided that I need to join track in order to increase my speed on the court. For my mother that was a marvelous idea, but for me it was not as marvelous. The first…

depression is a serious affliction. Typically, the chemicals serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are the neurotransmitters…

anxiolytics are similarly effective in therapeutic effects on IBS. It is has been widely known that the intestine is a major place for the synthesis of monoamine neurotransmitters, especially serotonin. Although enterochromaffin cells (ECs) accounted for less than 1% of intestinal epithelial cells, 95% of serotonin in the human body is produced and released form ECs. The pathogenesis of depression is mainly due to the lack of 5-tryptophan (5-HT) in the synaptic cleft. Currently, conventional…

a) Medial prefrontal cortex: the mPFC is divided into three subregions, which have differential control over HPA axis. The prelimbic (PrL) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) provides negative feedback to HPA axis and thereby reduces the stress-induced activation of HPA axis. The PrL and ACC reduces the duration of secretion without altering the peak of secretions and thus help in response termination. The lesion of mPFC consisting prelimbic cortex have known to produced enhanced cfos expression…

slows down the secretion of cortisol. Furthermore serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is often found at a lower level in the brain of depressives. It is often the case that raised levels of cortisol lead to lowered levels of serotonin so the depression may be a cause of an interaction between the two. Evidence for a lowered level of serotonin causing depression comes from the effectiveness of anti depressant drugs such as Prozac, which increases serotonin activity whilst reducing the depressive…

Log concentration-response curve to carbachol in the absence or presence of a series of concentrations of antagonist were showed on Figure 1. The log concentration-response curve has a characteristic sigmoidal shape. The addition of higher concentration of antagonist into the organ bath made the curves gradually shift to the right in a nearly parallel manner (Fig 1). The higher concentration of Atropine, the more its curve moved to the right of the graph. However, these effects of antagonist did…

the lack of thorough knowledge regarding the complexities of the human brain. However, the monoamine theory, hypothesizes that a predisposition to depression can occur in individuals whose serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine have been depleted (Bunney & Davis 1965; Delgado 2000; Hirschfield 2000) Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are neurotransmitters responsible for regulating mood, focus and motivation by carrying chemical signals from one part of the brain to another, however, in…

family member with OCD as well. Genes, namely a mutation in the human serotonin transporter gene, definitely has an impact on the progression of OCD. Serotonin is a chemical in the brain that is in charge of sending messages between brain cells. hSERT, a key gene in this process, carries the…

studies of the anxiety disorders is amygdala hyperresponsivity. To illustrate, a study done by Hariri and colleagues discovered that amygdala reactivity to environmental threat is controlled by a regulatory variant (5-HTTLPR) in the human serotonin transporter gene. Specifically, their work shows that hyper-reactivity in the amygdala is short allele driven. These results were consistent with other studies investigating the role of the amygdala in anxiety disorders. PFC’s involvement in anxiety…

Depression is a brain disorder which generate major disability. Its etiology and molecular mechanism is not fully understood. It is a leading cause of disability globally, with lifetime prevalence as high as 20% (Kessler et al., 2005). Depression is multifactorial disorders that differ in symptomology and most possibly in etiology. There are various symptoms of depression include depressed mood, mood swing, loss of pleasure activities (anhedonia), inability to concentrate, lack of energy,…